What was the reported cause of the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 crash on January 8, 2020, near Tehran?

Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was shot down shortly after takeoff from Tehran, Iran, on January 8, 2020, due to human error. Iranian forces mistakenly identified the civilian aircraft as a threat and fired missiles, killing all 176 passengers and crew. This tragic incident occurred amid heightened tensions following U.S.-Iran conflicts. Investigations confirmed the error stemmed from miscommunication and inadequate radar protocols. Options A, C, and D are incorrect, as official reports pinpointed human error as the cause. Update (as of 2025-08-29): No significant updates have altered the conclusion of human error as the cause.