The Battle of Karnal was fought between Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and whom?

The Battle of Karnal, fought in 1739, saw Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah defeated by Nadir Shah, the Persian ruler. This decisive battle weakened the Mughal Empire, leading to the sack of Delhi and the loss of treasures like the Peacock Throne. Nadir Shah’s victory highlighted the empire’s decline. Options A, C, and D are incorrect, as Nadir Shah was the specific adversary in this significant 18th-century conflict.