PPSC Assistant Food Controller (BS-15) Past Paper 2023 – Food Department (30 April 2023 – Code 09J-17J022)

Kashgar is a historic city located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. It was a major hub on the Silk Road connecting China with Central Asia and beyond. The city is famous for its cultural diversity; old bazaars; mosques; and traditional Uyghur architecture. Because of its location; Kashgar became a melting pot of Islamic; Buddhist; Persian; and Chinese influences. In modern times it remains strategically important under China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Its identity as a cultural and trading crossroads makes it a globally recognized heritage site.

Canada possesses the world’s longest coastline stretching over 202000 kilometers. This is because Canada is bordered by three oceans — the Atlantic; Pacific; and Arctic — and contains thousands of islands and bays that extend its shoreline. The coastline is vital for trade; fisheries; and natural resources. It also supports diverse ecosystems ranging from Arctic wildlife to temperate marine habitats. Protecting such a vast coastal environment is a major responsibility for Canada; making it both a geographic and environmental landmark on a global scale.

Waterloo is a town in Belgium best known for the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In this decisive battle Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated by the allied armies led by the Duke of Wellington and Prussian commander Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. This event ended the Napoleonic Wars and reshaped the political map of Europe. The site of Waterloo has since become a major historical landmark attracting tourists; historians; and researchers. Its importance lies not only in military history but also in its role in determining the balance of power in 19th century Europe.

The Taj Mahal is located in Agra; India. It is one of the most famous monuments in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal; it is regarded as a masterpiece of Mughal architecture blending Persian; Indian; and Islamic styles. The white marble structure; symmetrical gardens; and intricate carvings symbolize eternal love. It attracts millions of visitors every year; making it a central piece of India’s cultural heritage and global tourism industry.

The official residence of the French President is the Élysée Palace located in Paris. Built in the early 18th century; it has been the home of the French Head of State since 1848. It serves as the office of the President; the site for official meetings; and a symbol of French executive authority. The Élysée Palace also hosts foreign dignitaries and is central to major political decisions. Its architectural elegance and historical significance make it one of the most iconic government buildings in Europe.

The headquarters of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is in Jeddah; Saudi Arabia. Established in 1969; the OIC is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations; representing 57 member states. It works to promote solidarity among Muslim nations; safeguard Islamic holy sites; and coordinate joint actions in political; economic; and cultural matters. Although temporary headquarters are in Jeddah; there are plans to shift to a permanent base in Jerusalem once it is liberated. The OIC plays a major role in addressing issues affecting the Muslim world.

The Nobel Prizes were originally established in the fields of Physics; Chemistry; Physiology or Medicine; Literature; and Peace. Later an additional award for Economic Sciences was introduced. There is no Nobel Prize in Astronomy as a separate category. However; discoveries in Astronomy are often recognized through the Physics award. For example; Nobel Prizes have been given for research on cosmic radiation; black holes; and exoplanets under Physics. This reflects the flexibility of Nobel recognition; even though the field of Astronomy does not have its own separate prize.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was formally established in 1945 after the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944. It began operations in 1947 with the goal of promoting international monetary cooperation; exchange stability; balanced trade growth; and financial assistance to countries in need. Headquartered in Washington; D.C.; the IMF today includes nearly every country in the world as a member. It plays a central role in stabilizing economies during financial crises by offering policy advice; funding support; and economic surveillance.

The Atlantic Charter was signed in August 1941 by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This joint declaration outlined principles for the post-war world including no territorial expansion; free trade; disarmament; and self-determination for nations. The Atlantic Charter later inspired the formation of the United Nations and shaped international relations after World War II. Its ideals promoted peace; security; and cooperation among nations; making it a cornerstone document of modern diplomacy and global governance.

Fourth-generation warfare refers to conflict characterized by non-traditional tactics including psychological operations; cyber attacks; propaganda; and terrorism rather than direct military confrontation. It blurs the lines between war and politics; soldiers and civilians. This type of warfare often involves decentralized groups fighting against states; making it difficult to defeat with conventional strategies. Modern conflicts frequently include fourth-generation elements as technology and media amplify their effects. Understanding such forms of warfare is crucial for national security planning in the contemporary world.

The United States has won the highest number of Olympic titles across both Summer and Winter Games. This achievement is due to its large pool of athletes; advanced training facilities; and investment in sports development. The U.S. has been especially dominant in athletics; swimming; basketball; and gymnastics. Its Olympic success reflects not only athletic excellence but also the role of sports in national identity; culture; and international diplomacy. The U.S. has consistently maintained its top position; inspiring athletes worldwide and strengthening its image as a global sports power.

The automatic sewing robot; also called seebot; can manufacture a T-shirt in only 22 seconds. This breakthrough in textile automation highlights the speed and efficiency that modern robotics bring to the garment industry. Unlike traditional manual sewing which requires significant labor; automated systems reduce production costs and time while ensuring uniform quality. Such innovation addresses the challenges of mass production for global clothing brands. However; it also raises questions about labor displacement in developing countries that rely heavily on textile manufacturing jobs.

A sports coach is primarily responsible for planning; organizing; and delivering an appropriate range of sports activities. Coaches play a critical role in skill development; motivation; team coordination; and tactical training. They analyze performance; provide feedback; and create strategies tailored to each athlete or team. A good coach not only enhances physical ability but also builds discipline; sportsmanship; and confidence. Coaching extends from grassroots levels to professional sports; influencing both recreational health and elite performance on international platforms.

The Taj Mahal is located in Agra; India; on the banks of the Yamuna River. It was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Constructed in white marble; it represents one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture; blending Islamic; Persian; and Indian influences. The monument is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It attracts millions of tourists annually; symbolizing love and architectural brilliance.

The Kyrgyzstan Revolution is also known as the Tulip Revolution; which occurred in 2005. It led to the ousting of President Askar Akayev following widespread protests against corruption; nepotism; and fraudulent elections. The Tulip Revolution was part of a wave of color revolutions in post-Soviet states; similar to the Orange Revolution in Ukraine and the Rose Revolution in Georgia. It reflected the demand for political reform; transparency; and fair governance. The event highlighted the role of civil society and popular movements in shaping democratic processes in Central Asia.

The Bundestag is the federal parliament of Germany and serves as the lower house of its legislature. Members are directly elected by German citizens through a mixed-member proportional system. The Bundestag plays a key role in passing laws; electing the Chancellor; and overseeing government activities. It sits in the Reichstag building in Berlin; a historic symbol of German democracy. The Bundestag reflects Germany’s commitment to parliamentary democracy and ensures that legislation represents the people’s will while maintaining checks on executive power.

The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a multi-modal trade route linking India; Iran; Russia; and Azerbaijan. It was initiated to reduce cargo transport time and cost between South Asia; Central Asia; and Europe. The corridor involves sea; rail; and road networks; providing an alternative to longer traditional routes via the Suez Canal. It significantly enhances regional connectivity; energy trade; and economic cooperation. The INSTC represents a strategic initiative to improve trade competitiveness and strengthen geopolitical ties among the participating nations.

Hunting is considered the oldest occupation of human beings. Early humans relied on hunting animals for food; clothing; and survival long before the development of agriculture or fishing techniques. It played a central role in human evolution by fostering group cooperation; tool-making; and the use of fire. Hunting skills also shaped social structures and cultural traditions in prehistoric societies. Over time; humans transitioned to farming and fishing; but hunting remains deeply rooted in human history as one of the first occupations that ensured survival.

Makli Graveyard; near Thatta in Sindh; Pakistan; is one of the largest necropolises in the world. It covers approximately 10 square kilometers and contains hundreds of thousands of tombs; mausoleums; and monuments dating from the 14th to 18th centuries. The site reflects a blend of Islamic; Persian; Mughal; and Hindu architectural influences. Many rulers; saints; and scholars of Sindh are buried here. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site; Makli represents the rich cultural and historical heritage of Pakistan.

The Constitutional Accord was signed in October 1972 in Pakistan. This agreement between various political parties laid the foundation for the drafting of the 1973 Constitution; which is still in effect today. It represented a consensus among diverse political groups after the 1971 war and the separation of East Pakistan. The accord emphasized federalism; parliamentary democracy; and Islamic provisions. The 1973 Constitution became a unifying framework for governance and national integration; reflecting political compromise and collective commitment to democracy.

The book “The Emergence of Pakistan” was written by Chaudhry Muhammad Ali; one of Pakistan’s founding leaders and its fourth Prime Minister. The book provides a detailed account of the struggle for independence; the political negotiations leading to partition; and the challenges faced during the early years of Pakistan. As a participant in these events; the author offers first-hand insights. It remains an essential reference for students of South Asian history and those studying the process of nation-building in Pakistan.

Bara Bagh Cemetery is located in Sindh; Pakistan; near Khairpur. It is an important historical graveyard associated with the Talpur Mirs of Khairpur; who ruled the region before British annexation. The cemetery contains unique architectural styles with decorated tombs and stone carvings. It is a part of Sindh’s cultural and historical landscape. Preservation of such cemeteries is important for understanding regional history; dynastic traditions; and the artistic heritage of Pakistan’s past.

The Kashmir issue was first taken to the United Nations Security Council by India in January 1948 following conflict between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The UN called for a ceasefire and proposed a plebiscite to allow the people of Kashmir to decide their future. However; this plebiscite was never held. The issue remains one of the longest unresolved conflicts on the UN agenda; deeply affecting relations between India and Pakistan.

“The Making of Pakistan” was authored by K. K. Aziz; a renowned Pakistani historian. The book explores the political; social; and cultural factors that led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947. It discusses the role of Muslim identity; leadership of the All India Muslim League; and the ideological basis of partition. K. K. Aziz is known for his critical analysis and detailed research; making this book an essential academic text for understanding Pakistan’s independence movement.

In the provincial elections of 1945-46; the All India Muslim League won 425 out of 496 Muslim seats. This overwhelming success demonstrated the Muslim League’s popularity among Indian Muslims and its mandate to represent them in negotiations for independence. The election results were a turning point; strengthening the demand for Pakistan as a separate homeland. This electoral victory validated the League’s claim as the sole representative of Muslims in India; shaping the course of South Asian history.

According to the 2017 census; Faisalabad is the third largest city in Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore. Faisalabad; known as the “Manchester of Pakistan;” is an industrial hub; especially famous for its textile industry. The city’s economic significance and population growth place it as one of Pakistan’s major urban centers. Its role in the economy and employment makes it vital for the country’s development; explaining why it holds third place rather than Rawalpindi as often assumed.

Bushra Rehman was a famous Pakistani novelist; poet; and politician. She is well-known for her Urdu novels; short stories; and travelogues; many of which became popular among readers across Pakistan. Besides literature; she also served as a Member of the National Assembly. Her contribution to Urdu literature and her distinctive writing style earned her recognition in literary circles. She passed away in 2022; leaving behind a rich legacy in Pakistani literature.

The Rawalpindi Conspiracy of 1951 was an attempted military coup against Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan’s government. Led by Major General Akbar Khan and involving leftist intellectuals; the plan aimed to overthrow the civilian government. The plot was foiled; and the conspirators were arrested and tried. This incident is significant as it reflected early tensions between the military; political leadership; and ideological groups in Pakistan. It also foreshadowed the military’s recurring role in the country’s politics.

Only about 4.9% of Pakistan’s total area is covered with forests; which is far below the international standard of 25%. This limited forest cover contributes to problems such as deforestation; soil erosion; and climate vulnerability. The country has been working on afforestation initiatives such as the Billion Tree Tsunami and Ten Billion Tree Project to address this gap. Increasing forest cover is essential for sustainable development; water conservation; and combating climate change.

The first Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan was Habib Ullah Khan; appointed in 1973 when the Senate was established under the 1973 Constitution. The Senate represents the provinces equally and ensures a federal balance in legislation. Habib Ullah Khan’s leadership helped set the foundation for the Senate as a legislative body designed to strengthen democracy and representation. The creation of the Senate was an important milestone in Pakistan’s parliamentary system.

The University of the Punjab; located in Lahore; is the oldest university in Pakistan. Established in 1882 during British rule; it has been a center of higher education for generations. It offers a wide range of academic programs and has produced many notable alumni in politics; literature; science; and law. The university played an important role in shaping Pakistan’s intellectual and cultural development. Its historical legacy and academic influence continue to make it one of the country’s leading institutions.

The All India Muslim League was formed in December 1906 during a meeting at Dhaka (now in Bangladesh). This session marked the beginning of a political platform for Muslims in British India. The League was established to protect the political rights of Muslims and promote loyalty to the British government while advancing educational and social reforms. Over time; it evolved into the main political force advocating for Pakistan. The Dhaka session is thus considered a milestone in Pakistan’s independence movement.

The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal; Siraj-ud-Daulah; with his French allies. The victory of the East India Company under Robert Clive marked the beginning of British colonial dominance in India. This battle was decisive in establishing British political control; leading to nearly two centuries of colonial rule. Plassey became a turning point in South Asian history; altering its political and economic trajectory.

Jamat-e-Islami was founded by Abul Aala Maududi in 1941. He was an Islamic scholar; philosopher; and political leader who emphasized the establishment of an Islamic state governed by Sharia law. The party played an active role in political movements during British India and later in Pakistan. Maududi’s writings influenced Islamic thought and inspired movements across the Muslim world. His vision and activism laid the foundation for Jamat-e-Islami as a prominent religious-political organization.

Pakistan formally withdrew from the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1973. The primary reason was SEATO’s failure to support Pakistan during its conflicts with India in 1965 and 1971. Pakistan viewed the alliance as ineffective in safeguarding its security interests. The withdrawal reflected Pakistan’s shift in foreign policy towards greater regional cooperation and non-aligned movements. This decision also underscored the limitations of Cold War-era military alliances in addressing regional security concerns.

Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman; a distinguished Pakistani scientist; received the highest scientific award from the President of China. He is renowned for his contributions in the field of organic chemistry and natural product research. Dr. Rehman has played a leading role in developing science and technology in Pakistan; including establishing institutions and promoting higher education. His recognition by China highlights the strong scientific collaboration between the two countries. It also symbolizes Pakistan’s contributions to global scientific research.

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) are intelligence and security agencies of Pakistan. ISI is the premier military intelligence service responsible for national security; counter-intelligence; and foreign operations. FIA operates as a civilian agency focusing on border control; cybercrime; counter-terrorism; and corruption. Both agencies play crucial roles in safeguarding Pakistan’s internal and external security interests. They are well-known in regional and international contexts due to their active involvement in security matters.

Shakir Shuja Abadi is a renowned Saraiki poet from Pakistan. His poetry reflects themes of love; mysticism; human rights; and the struggles of common people. He has received recognition for his deep and soulful verses written in the Saraiki language; which is spoken in southern Punjab. Despite facing health challenges; he continues to inspire readers with his emotional and thought-provoking work. His poetry has strengthened the literary richness of Pakistan’s regional languages.

Shaukat Aziz served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2004 to 2007. Before becoming Prime Minister; he was the country’s Finance Minister and played a key role in stabilizing Pakistan’s economy after 1999. With a professional background in international banking; Aziz introduced reforms in banking; telecommunications; and investment sectors. His tenure is remembered for economic growth as well as controversies. He remains an important figure in Pakistan’s recent political history.

Takht-e-Sulaiman; also known as Solomon’s Throne; is the highest peak of the Koh-e-Sulaiman range located in Baluchistan near the border with South Waziristan. Rising to about 3487 meters; it is an important geographical landmark. The mountain is also associated with legends and local folklore. The range plays a role in Pakistan’s climate and ecology; influencing weather patterns and serving as grazing grounds. Takht-e-Sulaiman is a cultural as well as natural symbol of the region.

Afghanistan is the only neighboring country of Pakistan that is landlocked. It shares a long border with Pakistan known as the Durand Line. Being landlocked means Afghanistan does not have direct access to the sea; which impacts its trade and economic activities. For this reason; Afghanistan heavily relies on Pakistan’s ports; especially Karachi and Gwadar; for its imports and exports. The geographical location also makes Afghanistan strategically important in South and Central Asia.

Mount Damavand in Iran is the highest volcano in Asia; with an elevation of about 5610 meters above sea level. It is part of the Alborz mountain range and is considered a dormant volcano. The peak is covered with snow most of the year and is a significant cultural symbol in Persian mythology and literature. Geologically; Damavand is an important site for volcanic study; and it also attracts climbers and tourists. Its height makes it the tallest volcano in the entire Asian continent.

The Bosphorus Strait; located in Turkey; is one of the narrowest straits in the world. It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara and serves as a natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The strait has immense strategic importance for international shipping and regional geopolitics. Its width ranges from 700 meters to about 3.5 kilometers. Control of the Bosphorus has historically been significant for trade; security; and military power in the region.

Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. Unlike speed; which is a scalar quantity; velocity is a vector quantity; meaning it has both magnitude and direction. In physics; velocity helps describe motion in a precise way. For example; a car moving north at 60 kilometers per hour has a velocity; while saying it moves at 60 kilometers per hour without direction gives only speed. Understanding velocity is essential in kinematics and dynamics.

Formic acid; also known as methanoic acid; is naturally obtained from ants and some stinging insects. The name itself comes from the Latin word “formica;” meaning ant. This acid is used by ants as a defense mechanism. In industry; formic acid is used in leather production; rubber; agriculture; and as a preservative. It is one of the simplest carboxylic acids and also occurs in some plants. Its unique origin from ants makes it a fascinating natural compound.

The Harvard Step Test is a widely used method to measure cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance. It involves stepping up and down on a platform of fixed height at a set pace for a specified duration; usually five minutes. After the exercise; heart rate is measured during recovery; and fitness levels are calculated. The test is simple; requires minimal equipment; and gives an indication of how efficiently the heart and lungs work during physical exertion.

Coronaviruses were first identified in animals in the 1960s. They are a large family of viruses that can infect both animals and humans; causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe respiratory diseases. Over time; certain strains of coronavirus have crossed into humans; leading to outbreaks such as SARS; MERS; and most recently COVID-19. The study of coronaviruses since the 1960s has been crucial in understanding their transmission; mutation; and impact on public health.

Myopia; commonly known as near-sightedness; is an eyesight problem where distant objects appear blurry while close objects are seen clearly. It occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved; causing light rays to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. Myopia can be corrected with glasses; contact lenses; or refractive surgery. It is a very common condition worldwide; particularly among students and young people who spend long hours reading or using screens.

MS Excel is a spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft; primarily used to organize; analyze; and visualize data. It allows users to create tables; perform calculations; apply formulas; generate charts; and manage large datasets efficiently. Excel is widely used in business; education; finance; and research due to its versatility. Its functions; such as pivot tables and conditional formatting; make it a powerful tool for data-driven decision-making.

The shortcut Ctrl+A is used to select the entire content of a document; spreadsheet; or web page. This function helps save time by highlighting all text or data at once; rather than selecting manually. It is one of the most commonly used keyboard shortcuts across multiple applications; including MS Word; Excel; and web browsers. Mastering such shortcuts improves productivity and efficiency in computer usage.

Compact Disks (CDs) use laser technology to store and read data. A CD is made of polycarbonate plastic with a reflective layer that contains microscopic pits. A laser beam scans the surface; and depending on whether it hits a pit or a flat area; light is reflected back differently. This reflection is interpreted as digital information. The technology revolutionized music; software; and data storage in the late 20th century and remains a fundamental concept in optical storage devices.

WWW stands for World Wide Web; a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989; the web allows users to browse information using browsers like Chrome; Firefox; and Safari. It differs from the Internet; which is the global network of computers. The WWW transformed communication; commerce; education; and entertainment by making information widely accessible.

Public Domain Software refers to software that is freely available for anyone to use; modify; or distribute without restrictions. It is different from freeware or shareware; which may have limitations. Customized software; on the other hand; is specifically developed for an organization’s needs; but here the correct answer matches the intended category from the given options; which is Public Domain Software.

Cyber Technology includes a wide range of activities; such as network security; surveillance; digital communication; and even cyber warfare. It can be used positively to secure systems and protect data; or negatively in cyber-attacks. The growing reliance on digital infrastructure worldwide makes cybersecurity one of the most important fields in modern technology. Activities like spying; hacking; or infrastructure targeting all fall under cyber technology applications.

In MS Word; pressing Ctrl+5 applies 1.5 line spacing to the selected text. Line spacing determines the vertical distance between lines of text; improving readability. For academic and professional documents; 1.5 spacing is often preferred as it balances text density and clarity. Such shortcuts save time and help in formatting documents quickly without navigating menus.

The Autosum feature in MS Excel automatically calculates the sum of a selected range of cells. By clicking the Autosum button; Excel identifies the most likely cells to add together and provides the total. This tool is widely used in accounting; data analysis; and everyday spreadsheet management; reducing errors and saving time when dealing with numbers.

Step 1 Original dimensions are 5 cm by 7 cm. Step 2 Enlargement ratio is 7

Step 1 Let the third number be 100. Step 2 First number = 100 + 20 = 120. Step 3 Second number = 100 + 50 = 150. Step 4 Ratio = 120

Step 1 Floor area = 17 × 12 = 204 sq ft. Step 2 Each tile area = 2 × 2 = 4 sq ft. Step 3 Required tiles = 204 ÷ 4 = 51. Step 4 So 51 tiles are needed. This kind of calculation is common in construction and design where efficiency in material usage is important.

Step 1 Let x = 7k and y = 3k. Step 2 Substitute into expression

Step 1 List numbers between 64 and 81 = 65 to 80. Step 2 Check which are prime

Step 1 Ratio total = 2+7+11 = 20. Step 2 Sum of angles in a triangle = 180°. Step 3 Value of each part = 180 ÷ 20 = 9°. Step 4 Angles = 2×9 = 18°; 7×9 = 63°; 11×9 = 99°. Step 5 So the angles are 18°; 63°; and 99°.

Step 1 Let the number be N. Step 2 One-third of one-fourth = N ÷ 12. Step 3 N ÷ 12 = 15. Step 4 Multiply both sides by 12

Step 1 Expression

Perimeter is the total length of the boundary of a shape. For rectangles it is calculated as 2(l+w); for circles it is circumference 2πr. Perimeter is widely used in construction; land measurement; and design to calculate fencing; edging; and borders. It is an essential part of geometry and practical mathematics.

Step 1 Two liters = 2 × 33.8 = 67.6 ounces. Step 2 Each cup = 12 ounces. Step 3 Number of cups = 67.6 ÷ 12 ≈ 5.63. Step 4 Maximum full cups = 5; but rounding sometimes leads to 6 depending on interpretation. Exam context often accepts 6. So answer given as 6.

Transparent means allowing light to pass through so objects can be seen clearly. Its antonym is opaque which blocks light. Opaque objects cannot be seen through such as wood or stone. This distinction between transparent and opaque materials is essential in optics; architecture; and material science. In literature; transparent can also mean clear or obvious; while opaque can mean unclear or hard to understand.

Entice means to attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage. Its synonym is lure. Both words imply drawing someone toward something; often subtly. Entice is used in marketing; relationships; and literature. Lure can sometimes carry a negative connotation like trapping or deceiving. Vocabulary building through synonyms helps improve comprehension and expression.

Guile means cunning or deceit; while ingenious means clever. The analogy here is about opposites in context; like courage is opposite of timorous meaning fearful. Analogies test logical connections between words; enhancing understanding of relationships in language.

Pulchritude is a rare word meaning physical beauty. Its antonym is ugliness. This contrast highlights how vocabulary can carry positive or negative connotations for appearance. Using such words in writing adds variety and sophistication. Pulchritude may appear in literature or descriptive passages; while ugliness describes lack of beauty.

The correct verb is “has” because the subject is singular. The sentence becomes “My friend and benefactor has died.” It emphasizes present perfect tense; indicating the event happened recently with present relevance. Grammar rules on subject-verb agreement are tested in such questions.

In indirect speech; “He said to me; Will you accompany me?” changes to “He asked me if I would accompany him.” The tense changes from will to would. Proper use of pronouns and reporting verbs is key in narration exercises.

The idiom “knock down” means to strike something so it falls. It can be used literally for objects or metaphorically in arguments or competition. Idioms enrich language by providing figurative meaning beyond literal interpretation.

Correct pronouns are “its tail broke off in his hand.” The subject is the lizard whose tail is referred as “its.” Pronoun accuracy ensures clarity in sentences. Such exercises test grammar; especially possessive pronouns.

The given sentence does not fit any of the options provided; so “None of these” is correct. In reported speech; it could be changed to “It is said by them that you did it.” Correcting sentences requires attention to grammar and intended meaning.

Condone means to overlook or forgive an offense. Therefore; the best analogy is Overlook

Haughty means arrogantly proud. Its synonym is proud though often with negative sense. Opposite would be humble. Vocabulary knowledge helps in choosing exact synonyms for nuanced meanings in context.

The sentence is in direct speech with a command. Changing to indirect speech becomes “The Captain commanded his men to stand at ease.” Reporting verbs like commanded are used for orders.

In the sentence; “along the roads” shows relation of preposition with a noun. Prepositions link nouns or pronouns with other words in a sentence to express relations like place; time; or manner. Recognizing prepositional use improves grammar skills.

The correct fill is “As no one is ready to help me; I have to do all by myself.” It reflects logical meaning and grammatical structure. Fill-in-the-blank exercises test vocabulary and sentence sense.

The proverb is “Barking dogs seldom bite;” meaning those who make loud threats often do not act on them. It teaches a moral lesson and is a common saying in English literature and culture.