PPSC Code-53 Assistant (BS-16) Past Paper 2023 – Punjab Public Service Commission (12 March 2023)

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties signed in 1969 is regarded as the framework treaty of treaties. It provides detailed rules on how treaties are negotiated adopted applied and terminated among states. For example it clarifies rules of consent reservations and withdrawal. It plays an essential role in maintaining consistency in international law. The convention has been ratified by over one hundred countries and ensures that agreements between nations follow uniform principles. It also provides peaceful methods for resolving disputes about treaty interpretation.

Iman Khatib Yasin made history in 2020 by becoming the first Muslim woman with hijab elected to the Knesset the Israeli Parliament. She is a member of the Arab Joint List and has long worked on social development and family welfare issues. Her election reflects growing representation of Arab women in Israeli politics. For many Muslim women worldwide her victory was a symbol of empowerment and resilience. It also highlights diversity and inclusiveness in democratic systems despite political tensions.

South Asia is the largest cluster of people in the world. Countries like India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal and Sri Lanka together host nearly two billion people. India alone has a population over one billion which makes this region the most crowded on the planet. This creates both opportunities and challenges such as economic growth potential and strain on resources. Understanding population distribution is important for planning trade investment and global policies. South Asia role in world economy continues to grow due to its massive population.

A state must have four essential elements population territory government and sovereignty. Population provides people living together territory gives defined boundaries government enforces laws and sovereignty ensures independence from outside control. For example United Nations requires these four elements to recognize a state. Without any one of them a political unit cannot be accepted as a sovereign state. This framework is fundamental in international law and politics.

The official currency of Sri Lanka is the Sri Lankan Rupee symbol LKR. It is issued by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Like other South Asian countries Sri Lanka uses rupee denomination. Its value changes depending on economic conditions tourism exports and global market trends. Tourists visiting Sri Lanka need to exchange their money into rupees for local use. The rupee system links Sri Lanka with other economies in the region that also use similar currency names.

The Yellow River also called Huang He is located in China. It is the second longest river in the country and often called the cradle of Chinese civilization. Its name comes from yellow silt carried by the water. The river supports farming irrigation and hydro power but is also known for dangerous floods. Historical records show millions of people affected by its floods. Today dams and projects are built to control it and supply clean water. The river remains central to China economy and history.

Nagorno Karabakh is a mountainous region disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has been the cause of wars and conflicts for decades. While Azerbaijan claims it as its territory many of its residents are ethnic Armenians who demand independence or unification with Armenia. The dispute led to armed conflicts including the 2020 war. International community has tried mediation but peace is fragile. Nagorno Karabakh remains one of the most complex territorial conflicts in modern history.

Glasnost and Perestroika were reform policies by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. Glasnost meant openness that increased transparency and freedom of speech. Perestroika meant restructuring that aimed at economic reforms. These policies reduced state control and gave more rights to people. Although intended to strengthen the Soviet Union they exposed deep problems that later contributed to its collapse. The reforms also influenced Eastern Europe leading to revolutions and end of communist regimes.

CENTO was the Central Treaty Organization formed in 1955 during the Cold War. It included Pakistan Iran Turkey United Kingdom and later United States. Its aim was to prevent Soviet expansion in the Middle East region. Although modeled after NATO it was less effective and failed to gain strong influence. CENTO dissolved in 1979 after Iran left the alliance following its revolution. It is remembered as one of the defense pacts of the Cold War era.

Sports such as netball hockey and football require closed skills in certain practice situations where environment is stable. However during actual matches they also involve open skills due to unpredictable opponents. Gross skills are also used since these sports depend on large muscle movements such as running kicking and throwing. These skills are vital for team performance coordination and endurance. Training in closed skill environment helps athletes refine actions before applying them in real game scenarios.

Air support played a decisive role in World War II. Airplanes were used for bombing strategic targets reconnaissance and providing cover for ground troops. Battles such as the Battle of Britain showed the importance of air dominance. Air power gave advantage in speed surprise and destruction capacity. While naval and ground forces remained vital the introduction of strong air support changed the course of many campaigns. Air forces became an essential branch of military strategy after the war.

The Gulf of Bothnia is located between Finland and Sweden. It is the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea. The gulf is important for trade fishing and transport between the two countries. In winter much of it freezes due to cold climate. Icebreakers are used to keep shipping routes open. The Gulf of Bothnia has economic importance as well as ecological diversity.

Soft power is the ability of a country to influence others without using force or coercion. It works through culture values diplomacy and policies. For example movies language education systems and foreign aid increase soft power of nations. The concept was popularized by Joseph Nye. Countries with strong cultural influence like United States and Japan exercise significant soft power globally. It is considered equally important as military and economic power in international relations.

The President of Pakistan is elected through an electoral college comprising members of National Assembly Senate and four Provincial Assemblies. Each province has equal weight in this voting despite different population sizes. The procedure ensures representation of all federating units. This system strengthens federal harmony and balance. Presidential elections are therefore a joint process involving entire political structure of the country.

Extinct animals are species that have completely disappeared from the planet. Dinosaurs dodos and passenger pigeons are examples. Extinction may happen due to climate change human activity over hunting or natural disasters. Today many species face risk of extinction due to deforestation pollution and illegal trade. Conservation programs and protected areas are efforts to stop further extinctions. Extinct species remind us of the importance of biodiversity preservation.

Stinger missiles were provided to Pakistan during the Afghan War in the 1980s. The United States supplied these to help Afghan fighters against Soviet aircraft. Stingers are portable surface to air missiles effective against helicopters and jets. Their use changed the dynamics of the war by limiting Soviet air advantage. The Afghan War became a key chapter of the Cold War with Pakistan playing central role in supporting Afghan Mujahideen.

Preference shareholders are owners of the company who hold a special class of shares. They receive dividends at a fixed rate before common shareholders. In case of liquidation they are paid prior to ordinary shareholders but usually do not have voting rights. For example a firm may issue preference shares promising 10 percent dividend annually. This makes them hybrid between equity and debt. Preference shareholders provide stability to company finances while enjoying a secure return.

Services are variable because quality depends on provider customer and circumstances. For instance two patients may get different experiences from two doctors. Services are also intangible cannot be stored and perish quickly. They are often co produced with customers such as in education or hospitality. Therefore the claim that services are invariable is incorrect. Understanding these characteristics helps businesses design better service delivery and manage customer satisfaction.

SWOT stands for Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors as they depend on organization resources skills and culture. For example a strong brand name is a strength while lack of funds is a weakness. Opportunities and threats arise from external environment such as competition or economic conditions. SWOT analysis helps managers create strategies that use strengths overcome weaknesses exploit opportunities and reduce threats.

Matrix structure combines two or more departmental types such as functional and project. Employees may report to multiple managers. For example an engineer can report both to functional head and project manager. This form allows flexible use of resources and promotes teamwork. However it may create confusion or conflicts in reporting lines. Many multinational companies adopt matrix structure for complex projects requiring coordination across departments.

Companies can reward shareholders not only with cash dividends but also through bonus shares stock splits and stock purchase schemes. Bonus shares increase number of shares held by investors. Stock splits make shares more affordable while stock purchase plans allow buying shares at favorable rates. These methods improve investor trust and market participation. They also help companies manage liquidity without reducing reserves.

Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole including growth theory unemployment inflation and fiscal policy. Growth theory studies how national income and production expand over time. For example analysis of GDP trends falls under macroeconomics. Microeconomics on the other hand looks at individual pricing and incomes. Governments rely on macroeconomic studies to design development strategies and maintain stability.

A joint venture account is a nominal account used to record expenses and incomes of a temporary business partnership. For example two firms may form a joint venture for a construction project. All transactions are entered in joint venture account. At the end profit or loss is transferred to partners in agreed ratio. The account is then closed. This system ensures fairness and clarity in temporary business collaborations.

Enterprise is the fourth essential factor of production. It refers to entrepreneurial ability to combine land labour and capital to produce goods and services. Entrepreneurs also take risks to introduce new products or services. For example a business owner using workers capital and land to create a factory demonstrates enterprise. This factor is vital for innovation growth and economic development.

Social security programs like pensions unemployment benefits health insurance and financial assistance reduce income inequality. They provide safety net for weaker sections of society. For example government sponsored health care allows poor citizens access to medical services they could not afford otherwise. These measures help reduce gap between rich and poor. While industrialization and credit programs also support equality social security directly addresses inequality by redistributing resources.

Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations published in 1776. It is considered the foundation of modern economics. In it he introduced ideas like division of labor free markets and the invisible hand. The book argued that self interest in competitive markets leads to social benefits. Adam Smith is known as father of economics. His theories still guide economic policy and research worldwide.

The tolerance zone is the difference between what customers desire and what they consider acceptable. For instance a customer may desire instant service but accept a small delay if quality is good. Understanding this gap helps managers design service levels that satisfy customers. Reducing the gap increases loyalty and prevents complaints. In competitive markets tolerance zone analysis is crucial for customer retention.

Alfred Marshall introduced the concept of consumer surplus. It is the difference between what a buyer is willing to pay and what they actually pay. For example if a person values a book at 500 but buys it for 400 the consumer surplus is 100. This concept helps in welfare economics showing extra benefit consumers gain from market transactions. Policymakers use it to measure welfare impact of pricing and taxation.

Multilevel marketing is a direct selling model where independent distributors sell goods and recruit others to join the network. Earnings come from sales and commissions on sales made by recruits. For example many health and beauty companies use MLM. While legal MLM is a business model some schemes misuse it as pyramid scams. Successful MLM depends on genuine product sales and transparent compensation.

Normally demand curve slopes downward showing higher price reduces demand. Exceptional demand curve slopes upward to the right as in case of Giffen goods. These are inferior goods where demand rises with price due to lack of substitutes. For example in poor communities rising price of staple food may increase its demand as people cut expensive alternatives. This unusual case is important in economic theory.

Authorized share capital or registered capital is the maximum capital a company can issue as per its charter. For instance a firm may have authorized capital of ten million but issue only five million shares. To increase the limit approval from authorities is needed. This distinction helps investors understand potential expansion of a company share base.

Net loss happens when total expenses of a business exceed its income. For example if revenue is 100000 and expenses are 120000 then net loss is 20000. Loss reduces owner equity and shows poor performance. Businesses aim to minimize losses through cost control revenue growth and efficient operations. Repeated net losses threaten survival of firms.

Current assets include cash stock accounts receivable and other assets expected to turn into cash within one year. They show liquidity and ability to meet short term obligations. For example money owed by customers is a current asset since it will be collected soon. Banks and investors check current assets before giving loans. They are essential in working capital management.

Liquid ratio also called acid test ratio measures ability to pay short term obligations without selling inventory. Formula is liquid assets divided by current liabilities. For example if liquid assets are 80000 and current liabilities 40000 ratio is 2. This indicates strong liquidity. Investors use this ratio to assess financial health.

Liabilities are financial obligations a business owes to others. They arise from borrowing money purchasing goods on credit or other commitments. For example bank loans salaries payable and accounts payable are liabilities. They must be settled in future with cash goods or services. Liabilities are listed in balance sheet and help evaluate financial stability of a business.

Goods sent back by customers are recorded in return inward account also called sales return account. This reduces total sales figure and shows actual revenue. For example if a customer returns faulty product its value is entered in return inward account. Maintaining this account is vital for correct financial reporting. It also helps businesses track reasons for returns and improve product quality.

World Bank official name is International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It was created in 1944 to support post war reconstruction and later expanded to development projects worldwide. It provides loans grants and technical advice to developing nations. For example it funds projects in education health water and infrastructure. The World Bank goal is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable growth.

International Women Day is observed on 8 March each year to recognize women achievements and promote gender equality. It started from labor movements in early 20th century. The United Nations adopted it officially in 1977. Events marches and seminars are organized worldwide to highlight issues of education violence and equal rights. Each year has a theme to focus attention on a specific issue.

Bureaucracy is administration by officials based on rules and procedures. It is common in modern states where specialized officials manage tasks like taxation law enforcement and education. Bureaucracy ensures continuity stability and fairness in systems. However excessive bureaucracy may create delays and rigidity. The term is often used both positively and negatively depending on context.

The US joined World War II after Japan bombed Pearl Harbour on 7 December 1941. The attack destroyed ships planes and killed thousands of soldiers. It shocked the nation and led to war declaration against Japan. Soon after Germany and Italy declared war on the US. American entry changed balance of power and played decisive role in Allied victory. Pearl Harbour is remembered as a turning point in global history.

Mushtaq Ahmad Khan a noted Pakistani figure died in 2018. He had contributed to political and intellectual life through his work. His death was marked with tributes from various communities. Remembering such personalities is important to understand contributions made in national progress. Leaders like him inspire younger generations to serve society in their own ways.

Roshanet Zafar established Kashf Foundation in Pakistan. It is one of the leading microfinance organizations that provides small loans to women for starting businesses. The foundation also works for education health and empowerment. Thousands of women have benefited from it by gaining financial independence. Kashf Foundation success is recognized internationally. It is considered a model for women empowerment and poverty reduction.

Pakistan shares borders with India China Afghanistan and Iran but not with Russia. Between Pakistan and Russia lie Central Asian states. This fact is important in geopolitics and regional trade. Pakistan strategic location makes it a bridge between South Asia Central Asia and the Middle East. Relations with Russia are based on diplomacy trade and defense cooperation but they do not share direct border.

Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence in 1947. This marked the beginning of close diplomatic and cultural relations between the two nations. Both countries share historical religious and cultural ties. Recognition by Iran strengthened Pakistan international status and encouraged other countries to follow.

Anjuman Himayat e Islam was founded in Lahore in 1884. It was created to promote education welfare and religious values among Muslims of India. The organization established schools colleges and orphanages. It played important role in Muslim awakening during colonial rule. Its services for education of girls and boys are especially remembered.

Dr Abdus Salam won Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 along with two other scientists for work on electroweak theory. He was the first Pakistani to receive Nobel Prize. His research contributed to unification of fundamental forces in physics. Despite controversies he remains a pride for Pakistan scientific community. His Nobel Prize brought global recognition to Pakistan contribution in science.

The book The Daughter of the East is the autobiography of Benazir Bhutto former Prime Minister of Pakistan. In the book she narrates her personal experiences political struggles and challenges faced as a female leader. It provides insight into Pakistan politics and her family history. The book gained international attention and highlighted her role as the first female Prime Minister of a Muslim country.

Sindh is known as Bab ul Islam because Islam entered the Indian subcontinent through this region. The conquest by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 AD introduced Islam to the subcontinent. The city of Debal in Sindh became the first base of Muslims. Sindh rich history culture and Sufi traditions have made it a gateway of Islam in South Asia.

Military courts were introduced under the 21st constitutional amendment for a two year period after the tragic APS Peshawar attack in 2014. Their purpose was to conduct speedy trials of terrorism related cases. Although controversial they were seen as urgent response to terrorism. After two years their extension was debated in parliament.

Balouchistan has several rivers including Dasht River Gomal River and smaller streams that support agriculture and local communities. Although the province is arid these rivers are lifelines for irrigation and drinking water. Seasonal rivers also called hill torrents flow after rains. For example the Dasht River provides water to Gwadar and surrounding areas. Proper management of rivers in Balouchistan is vital for development and sustainability.

Dyarchy was introduced in India under the Government of India Act 1919 by the British Government. It divided subjects of administration into two categories central and provincial. Some matters were controlled by elected ministers while others remained under British officials. The system was intended as a step towards self governance but it failed due to limited powers given to Indians. Still it paved way for later constitutional reforms.

Day of Deliverance was celebrated on 22 December 1939 by All India Muslim League after resignation of Congress ministries in provinces. Muslim League considered this a victory against Congress domination. The day was observed with meetings prayers and speeches across India. It highlighted Muslim League demand for political rights and recognition of Muslim identity in Indian politics.

Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front or JKLF is a political organization that seeks complete independence of Jammu and Kashmir from both India and Pakistan. It has been active since the 1970s and was involved in armed struggle but later shifted to peaceful political activities. JKLF position is different from groups that support accession to either country. The Kashmir dispute remains one of the longest unresolved conflicts in the world.

The Khan of Kalat agreed to join Pakistan on 29 June 1947. This decision was supported by major Balochi tribes. Although there were later movements demanding autonomy the accession made Balouchistan part of Pakistan. The integration of tribal regions was important for the unity and territorial strength of the new state. It also created challenges of governance and development that continue today.

Cotton is a tropical and subtropical crop that needs hot climate long frost free season and plenty of sunshine. It also requires irrigation since rainfall is often insufficient. Pakistan is one of the major cotton producing countries with Punjab and Sindh as main regions. Cotton is called white gold because it is the backbone of textile industry. Proper conditions of soil and climate are vital for its growth.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001 Pakistan changed its foreign policy and joined the global war on terrorism. The U Turn meant shifting from supporting Taliban regime in Afghanistan to cooperating with the United States and allied forces. This decision brought both benefits like financial aid and challenges like militancy inside Pakistan. The policy shift reshaped Pakistan relations with major powers.

Indian Independence Act 1947 was accepted by Muslim League Congress and Sikh leaders under Lord Mountbatten plan. It provided for partition of India into two independent dominions Pakistan and India. The act laid down boundaries division of assets and transfer of power. It remains one of the most significant laws in South Asian history.

Allama Iqbal wrote his PhD thesis on The Development of Metaphysics in Persia at University of Munich in 1908. In it he examined philosophy religion and mysticism in Persian thought. This work showed his deep interest in Islamic philosophy and intellectual heritage. Later his famous lectures were compiled as Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Both works made Iqbal an influential thinker and poet philosopher of the subcontinent.

President Iskandar Mirza abrogated the 1956 Constitution and declared martial law on 7 October 1958. He dismissed government dissolved assemblies and suspended constitution. Soon after General Ayub Khan removed Iskandar Mirza and took control as President. The abrogation marked end of first democratic experiment in Pakistan and began military dominance in politics.

Pakistan along with India hosted the 1987 Cricket World Cup. It was the first World Cup held outside England. Matches were played in major cities of both countries. The event showed ability of subcontinent to organize international sports. It also increased popularity of cricket in Pakistan and India. Australia won the tournament by defeating England in the final.

Pakistan Cyber Harassment Helpline was launched in 2016 by Digital Rights Foundation. It provides legal advice digital security support and psychological counseling to victims of online harassment. With growth of internet harassment increased especially against women. The helpline has helped thousands of people protect their rights online. It is a key step for safe digital environment in Pakistan.

Direct Action Day was called by All India Muslim League on 16 August 1946 to demand a separate homeland for Muslims. The decision came after failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan. On this day mass gatherings strikes and demonstrations were held. It resulted in communal riots especially in Bengal. Though tragic it showed Muslim determination for independence. The movement increased pressure on the British and Congress leading to partition. Direct Action Day remains an important turning point in Pakistan movement.

Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal on 16 October 1905. The province was divided into East Bengal and West Bengal. The official reason was administrative efficiency but critics saw it as a divide and rule policy. Muslims supported the partition as it gave them majority in East Bengal while Hindus opposed it strongly. The partition was canceled in 1911 after protests. It however created political awakening among Muslims leading to stronger demands for rights.

Pakistan became Republic on 23 March 1956 with the adoption of its first constitution. The Governor General office was replaced by President as head of state. The day is celebrated as Pakistan Day every year. Becoming Republic marked a milestone in Pakistan political history as it established democratic constitutional government. It showed progress from independence towards sovereignty and constitutionalism.

Taxila is called Pearl of Gandhara Civilization. Located near Islamabad it was a hub of learning trade and culture in ancient times. Taxila hosted one of the earliest universities attracting scholars from Asia. Buddhist monasteries stupas and relics found here reflect its importance. Today Taxila is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It remains an important symbol of cultural history of Pakistan.

Umbrella protects from rain just like vaccine protects from disease. This analogy shows relation of protection or prevention. Such questions test reasoning skills. Vaccines are given to prevent illness before it occurs. In same way umbrella is used to stay dry before rain can cause discomfort. Both show preventive function.

Egregious means outstandingly bad or shocking. Its opposite is ordinary meaning normal or not remarkable. For example an egregious error is a very serious mistake while ordinary mistake is minor. Learning antonyms expands vocabulary and helps in exams.

To bury the hatchet means to end conflict and make peace. The phrase comes from Native American practice of burying weapons as sign of peace. In modern use it means reconciliation after disagreement. For example two friends after an argument may bury the hatchet and start fresh. Idioms like this enrich English language and appear often in competitive tests.

Take up means to begin or start something. For example one can take up a new hobby or take up a job. It also means to occupy space or time in some contexts. Mastering phrasal verbs like take up is essential for strong English skills since they are common in daily use.

Cap it all is an idiom meaning to finish or complete something often in a surprising or final way. For example winning a medal capped it all for an athlete. Idioms like this add color and meaning to language. Learning idioms improves English writing and speaking skills.

The direct sentence is exclamatory so in indirect speech it becomes He exclaimed that it was a very cold day. The word very is added to show intensity. Reported speech rules are important for English grammar. Understanding transformation from direct to indirect speech helps in exams and communication.

The sentence is imperative so in indirect speech it becomes He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words. The verb urged shows emphasis. Reported speech is tested frequently in English exams. It improves grammar comprehension and clarity in writing.

The correct preposition is at. He aimed at the flying bird means he directed his weapon or focus towards it. Prepositions are essential in English grammar and small mistakes can change meaning. Practicing prepositions improves accuracy and fluency in communication.

Hallowed means sacred holy or deeply respected. For example hallowed ground refers to a site of religious or historical importance. The closest synonym is sacred. Expanding vocabulary with synonyms helps in comprehension essay writing and exams.

Chlorofluorocarbons also known as CFCs are highly damaging to the ozone layer. They were widely used in refrigerators sprays and air conditioners. When released into atmosphere they break ozone molecules that shield earth from ultraviolet radiation. This leads to skin cancer cataracts and environmental damage. International agreements like Montreal Protocol banned CFCs and encouraged safer alternatives. Protecting ozone layer remains vital for environment and human health.

Transparent objects allow complete passage of light so things are clearly visible. Examples include glass clean water and air. Translucent objects allow partial light while opaque block light completely. Transparency is important in optics science and daily life uses such as lenses windows and spectacles.

In Microsoft PowerPoint pressing Ctrl+M adds a new slide instantly. This shortcut improves speed and efficiency during presentation preparation. Instead of using menus one can use keyboard command for faster work. Knowing shortcuts saves time for students teachers and professionals. Mastery of keyboard commands increases productivity in all office software.

Charles Babbage is called father of computer. He designed Analytical Engine in the 19th century considered first concept of programmable computer. Although it was not built fully in his life his ideas laid foundation for modern computing. Later scientists developed machines based on his design principles. Today computers are essential in every field from research to communication.

The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked documents accessible through internet using browsers. It was invented by Tim Berners Lee in 1989. The web is different from internet since internet is physical network while web is a service on it. For example using Google or Facebook means using the web. It revolutionized communication learning and business worldwide.

One Gigabyte equals 1024 Megabytes in digital storage. It is commonly used for measuring files memory and data capacity. For instance a movie file may take about 1 GB space. Understanding storage units helps in choosing memory cards hard drives and managing data. Computers smartphones and cloud storage all use GB and TB for size measurement.

In databases and Excel Count is used to find the number of entries in a column. For example Count can calculate how many students names are in a list. It is different from Sum which adds numerical values. Count is useful for statistics data analysis and record keeping. It is one of the most frequently used functions in spreadsheets.

Step 1 increase in stock is 2500. Step 2 increase in building is 2500. Step 3 increase in creditors is minus 1000. Step 4 new liability is minus 2000. Step 5 total equals 2500 plus 2500 minus 1000 minus 2000 equals 2000 profit. The revaluation profit is shared among partners in their old ratio. Revaluation ensures fair adjustment of assets and liabilities during partner retirement admission or death.

Step 1 first five prime numbers are 2 3 5 7 and 11. Step 2 add them 2 plus 3 plus 5 plus 7 plus 11 equals 28. Step 3 correct option is 28. Prime numbers are fundamental in mathematics and have applications in cryptography computer science and research. Their unique properties make them important in theory and practice.

Step 1 half yearly compounding means two periods in one year. Step 2 rate per half year is 5 percent. Step 3 after first half year amount is 100000 × 1.05 equals 105000. Step 4 after second half year amount is 105000 × 1.05 equals 110250. Step 5 correct answer is Rs 110250. Compound interest grows faster than simple interest since interest itself earns further interest.