PPSC Combined Competitive Examination (PMS-2022) Past Paper – Services & General Administration Department (04 June 2023)

Croatia officially became the 27th member of the European Union in January 2023. This came after years of preparation reforms and negotiations with the EU. Joining the EU means Croatia now benefits from access to the single European market free movement of people and goods and participation in EU institutions. Membership also strengthens its political economic and cultural ties with Europe. Croatia entry is considered a success for EU enlargement policy which focuses on integrating more states to promote unity peace and development across Europe. Therefore the correct answer is Croatia option D.

The Sino Indian war was fought in 1962 between China and India mainly over border disputes in the Himalayan region. The conflict lasted for a month and resulted in heavy losses for India. China declared a ceasefire after achieving military objectives and withdrew from some captured territories. The war exposed weak infrastructure in the border areas and shaped future defense policies of India. It also marked the beginning of long standing tensions between the two countries. Even today the border remains disputed making the 1962 war a significant event in South Asian history and international relations.

World Ozone Day is observed on 16 September every year to mark the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987. This treaty was created to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons. The ozone layer is important because it shields life on earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. On this day awareness campaigns educational programs and environmental projects are organized worldwide. The celebration serves as a reminder of global cooperation in protecting the environment. It also shows how collective action can reverse environmental damage making it a success story for humanity.

Queen Elizabeth II the longest serving monarch of the United Kingdom died on 8 September 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. Her reign lasted more than seventy years from 1952 to 2022. During her life she became a symbol of stability tradition and service not only in Britain but across the Commonwealth. Her passing marked the end of an era and was followed by a mourning period across the UK. After her death her son Charles became King Charles III. Her leadership left a lasting impact on politics diplomacy culture and public life in Britain and around the world.

The predecessor of British prime minister Rishi Sunak was Liz Truss. She became prime minister in September 2022 but resigned after only forty five days due to political pressure and economic problems. Her resignation opened the way for Rishi Sunak to become prime minister in October 2022. Liz Truss term was the shortest in British history. This event showed the political instability in the United Kingdom during that period. Rishi Sunak became the first British Asian and Hindu to hold the office of prime minister. The transition reflected changing dynamics in British politics and leadership within the Conservative Party.

Mocentthons was a minister under Napoleon Bonaparte during the period when Napoleon expanded his empire across Europe. Ministers under Napoleon played important roles in shaping administrative policies military strategies and governance. Napoleon government was known for its reforms including the Napoleonic Code which influenced legal systems worldwide. Mocentthons association with Napoleon highlights the importance of loyal advisors in maintaining control over a vast empire. Historical accounts show that ministers around Napoleon supported both civil and military administration. This leadership style contributed to his rise as well as the eventual challenges and downfall of his empire in European politics.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN is a regional organization established in 1967. It promotes political economic and cultural cooperation among Southeast Asian states. At present ASEAN has 10 members which are Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Philippines Brunei Vietnam Laos Myanmar and Cambodia. These countries work together to ensure peace stability and growth in the region. ASEAN also plays a key role in trade negotiations disaster management and environmental programs. The organization has become a model for regional cooperation. Therefore the correct answer is 10 members making option A the accurate choice in this question.

The World Trade Organization WTO was created in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade also called GATT. It was established to regulate and support international trade between nations. The WTO ensures that trade flows smoothly fairly and predictably. It provides a forum for negotiating agreements and resolving disputes. With more than 160 members it plays a central role in world economics. The WTO also helps developing countries by giving technical assistance. Its establishment in 1995 marked a new era of trade regulation at the global level. Therefore option D is the correct answer.

The Regional Cooperation for Development RCD was founded in 1964 by Iran Pakistan and Turkey. Its purpose was to promote economic social and cultural cooperation among these three states. The RCD was later dissolved and replaced by the Economic Cooperation Organization ECO in 1985 which included more countries. The formation of RCD reflected the need for regional unity during the Cold War period. It gave a platform for joint projects and cultural exchanges. Although limited in scope RCD set the base for future cooperation among its members. Therefore the correct answer is 1964 making option B right.

The Fred Hollows Foundation is an international development group focused on eliminating avoidable blindness. It was founded in Australia and works in many countries. The foundation provides affordable eye care surgeries treatments and training for local doctors. Millions of people have regained vision through its efforts. Blindness caused by cataract trachoma and refractive errors can often be prevented or treated with proper medical care. The group mission was inspired by Professor Fred Hollows who dedicated his life to eye health. Its work not only restores sight but also brings back independence dignity and ability to earn a livelihood for many people.

The first secretary general of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIC was Tunku Abdul Rehman from Malaysia. He served from 1969 to 1973 and laid the foundation of the organization structure. OIC is the second largest intergovernmental body after the United Nations with members from across the Muslim world. The role of the secretary general is to lead and coordinate efforts in political social and economic matters for Muslim countries. Tunku Abdul Rehman provided direction during the early years which helped the OIC establish credibility. His leadership ensured that Muslim states had a common platform for cooperation.

Jair Bolsonaro was the President of Brazil from January 2019 to early 2023. He is a right wing politician known for strong populist views. His government focused on economic reforms but also faced global criticism over handling of the Amazon rainforest and COVID 19 crisis. Bolsonaro popularity rose among conservative groups due to his law and order stance and pro military policies. However he also faced opposition due to environmental destruction and controversial remarks. Despite criticism he remained an influential figure in Brazil politics. His presidency reflects the growing influence of populist movements in Latin America in recent decades.

India carried out its first nuclear test in 1974 at Pokhran in Rajasthan. The test was code named Smiling Buddha and made India the sixth country to test a nuclear device. Although India called it a peaceful nuclear explosion the test had clear military significance. The event led to strong reactions worldwide with many countries imposing sanctions and restrictions. It also marked the start of a regional nuclear race as Pakistan intensified its own program in response. The 1974 test changed South Asian geopolitics and established India as a nuclear capable state. Hence the correct answer is option B.

Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia and served from 1945 until 1967. He played a central role in the independence struggle against Dutch colonial rule. Sukarno promoted national unity and introduced the state philosophy known as Pancasila which remains the foundation of Indonesia governance. His leadership combined nationalism socialism and anti imperialism. However political instability and economic decline eventually weakened his position and he was replaced by Suharto in 1967. Despite challenges Sukarno is remembered as a founding father of Indonesia and a symbol of independence. Therefore the correct answer is option B Indonesia.

The Economic Cooperation Organization ECO was established in 1985 as the successor to the earlier Regional Cooperation for Development which included Iran Pakistan and Turkey. Later ECO expanded to include Afghanistan Central Asian republics and Azerbaijan. The aim of ECO is to promote trade transport energy and cultural exchange among member countries. With its headquarters in Tehran the organization serves as a key platform for regional integration. ECO also encourages joint projects in agriculture and industry to boost economic progress. Its creation in 1985 marked an important step in strengthening cooperation in the wider region. Option B is correct.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC was formed in 1985. Its members are Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Myanmar is not part of SAARC because it is considered a Southeast Asian state and is a member of ASEAN instead. SAARC was established to promote economic cooperation regional development and cultural ties among South Asian countries. Over the years it has faced political challenges but remains an important forum. Thus the correct answer is Myanmar which does not belong to SAARC making option B the right choice in this question.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN has 10 members which are Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Philippines Brunei Cambodia Vietnam Laos and Myanmar. Bangladesh is not part of ASEAN since it belongs to South Asia and is a member of SAARC instead. ASEAN works to improve regional security economic integration and cultural cooperation. It was founded in 1967 and has become one of the most successful regional organizations. Knowing the difference between ASEAN and SAARC membership is often asked in exams to test understanding of international groups. The correct answer is option D Bangladesh which is not in ASEAN.

The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They include goals such as ending poverty ensuring quality education promoting gender equality providing clean water affordable energy climate action and peace. The SDGs apply to all countries both developed and developing. Each goal has measurable targets to be achieved by 2030. The SDGs replaced the Millennium Development Goals MDGs which were in place until 2015. They represent a worldwide commitment to sustainable progress. Hence option D with 17 goals is correct.

The Sustainable Development Goals were officially adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015. The UN General Assembly is the main body where all member states are represented equally. By adopting the SDGs the world committed itself to fight poverty inequality environmental damage and injustice. There are 17 goals and 169 specific targets to be achieved by 2030. This global framework aims to ensure a better future for all through collective action. The adoption of the SDGs shows how international cooperation can bring countries together for shared progress. Therefore the correct answer is option A.

Zakir Musa a Kashmiri militant leader was killed by Indian security forces in 2019. He was the founder of Ansar Ghazwat ul Hind a group linked with Al Qaeda. Musa earlier served in Hizbul Mujahideen but broke away due to ideological differences. His killing was seen as a major setback for militancy in Kashmir and sparked widespread protests in the region. Security forces carried out a focused operation to neutralize him. His death is remembered as a turning point in the fight against militancy in Kashmir. The correct answer is option B which is 2019.

NATO was established in 1949 as a military alliance among Western nations in response to the growing influence of the Soviet Union. Its founding members included the United States Canada and several European states. Article 5 of the NATO treaty states that an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. This principle of collective defense became the backbone of NATO operations. Over time NATO expanded to include new members and adapted to modern security threats. It has been involved in peacekeeping counter terrorism and crisis management. The correct answer is option B which is 1949.

John Adams was the second president of the United States serving from 1797 to 1801. He was also a founding father and played an important role in the American Revolution. Before becoming president he served as the first vice president under George Washington. His presidency was marked by challenges such as conflicts with France and domestic political divisions. Adams was a strong supporter of independence and diplomacy. Though he lost re election to Thomas Jefferson he is remembered for his contributions to the foundation of the United States. Hence the correct answer is option C John Adams.

Human Rights Day is celebrated on 10 December each year. It commemorates the day the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This declaration set out fundamental rights and freedoms that apply to all people regardless of nationality race religion or gender. On this day awareness campaigns events and educational programs are organized globally to promote human rights. The day also reminds governments and citizens of their duty to protect and uphold these rights. Observing 10 December highlights the importance of equality dignity and justice. The correct answer is option D.

Elon Musk owns companies such as SpaceX Tesla Neuralink and The Boring Company. He also launched the Starlink satellite internet project through SpaceX. However WWE World Wrestling Entertainment is not related to Elon Musk and is an American professional wrestling company. Questions like this test knowledge of current entrepreneurs and their ventures. Elon Musk has become one of the most recognized innovators in technology space and transport industries. His projects focus on sustainable energy artificial intelligence and space exploration. Therefore the correct answer is WWE option D because it is not owned or linked to Elon Musk.

India carried out nuclear tests in 1998 at Pokhran in the state of Rajasthan. The operation was code named Operation Shakti. These tests marked India as a declared nuclear weapon state and drew global attention. They led to economic sanctions by several countries but also strengthened India position as a regional power. The tests triggered Pakistan to conduct its own nuclear tests shortly after. Pokhran became globally recognized due to these historic events. Such questions highlight important milestones in South Asian security and nuclear history. Therefore the correct answer is option B Pokhran where the 1998 tests were held.

The destructive power of a tsunami is usually measured by the height of its waves. A tsunami is generated by undersea earthquakes volcanic eruptions or landslides that displace massive amounts of water. When the waves reach shallow coastal areas their height increases dramatically which determines the level of damage. High waves can flood coastal towns destroy infrastructure and cause heavy loss of life. Scientists also monitor energy release and speed but wave height is the clearest indicator of destruction. Early warning systems focus on detecting seismic activity and predicting wave height to save lives. Hence option A is correct.

Non state actors are groups or organizations that operate internationally but are not official governments. Amnesty International ISIS and International Red Crescent Society are all examples of non state actors. NATO however is a formal military alliance of sovereign states making it a state based organization. Non state actors play a big role in modern politics including humanitarian aid terrorism human rights advocacy and civil society activities. Questions like this are important for exams as they test understanding of international relations. Thus NATO is not a non state actor and the correct answer is option C.

Amnesty International is a non governmental organization dedicated to the protection of human rights worldwide. It campaigns against torture unlawful detention political repression and capital punishment. Founded in 1961 Amnesty International has millions of members across the globe who raise awareness and pressure governments to respect international laws. It conducts investigations publishes reports and organizes petitions to protect vulnerable people. The group has won the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts. Its independence and global reach make it one of the most respected human rights organizations. Therefore the correct answer is option D Protection of human rights.

The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2021 was awarded to Abdul Razak Gurnah a Tanzanian born writer. His works highlight themes of colonialism migration displacement and cultural identity. Novels such as Paradise and Afterlives explore the experiences of people affected by war and colonial history. Gurnah writing sheds light on the struggles of refugees and marginalized groups making his contribution globally significant. The Nobel Committee praised him for uncompromising and compassionate writing. The award not only honored his literary achievements but also brought attention to African and postcolonial literature. Hence the correct answer is Abdul Razak Gurnah option D.

Ali Raza Akbari the Iranian deputy foreign minister was executed in January 2023 after being accused of spying for the British intelligence agency MI6. Iran claimed that he passed sensitive information related to nuclear and security issues. This case gained international attention as it increased tensions between Iran and Western countries. Spying charges in Iran are treated with extreme seriousness especially when linked to nuclear security. Such incidents also highlight the fragile relations between Iran and the United Kingdom. Executions of high ranking officials for espionage are rare making this case notable. The correct answer is option A MI6.

The book Pakistan Foreign Policy Dilemma was written by Shamshad Ahmad who is a former foreign secretary of Pakistan. In this book he analyzes challenges faced by Pakistan in maintaining balance between domestic issues and international obligations. It covers relations with neighboring countries global powers and international organizations. The book is often recommended for students of international relations and competitive exams. Shamshad Ahmad insights are valuable because of his long diplomatic career. His analysis helps readers understand why Pakistan foreign policy often struggles between security concerns and development goals. Therefore the correct answer is option B.

The first Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan was Zahid Hussain who served from 1948 to 1953. After independence Pakistan needed its own central bank to manage currency credit and economic policies. Under his leadership the State Bank started functioning independently and introduced monetary systems for the new nation. Zahid Hussain was instrumental in stabilizing Pakistan economy in its early years. His work laid the foundation for modern banking in Pakistan. The State Bank today continues to play a vital role in managing inflation interest rates and financial stability. The correct answer is option A Zahid Hussain.

The second Governor General of Pakistan was Khawaja Nazim ud Din who succeeded Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He served from 1948 to 1951. As Governor General he played an important role in running state affairs during the fragile early years of Pakistan. Later he also became the second Prime Minister of Pakistan. His tenure was marked by political challenges including internal divisions and disputes with India. Khawaja Nazim ud Din is remembered as one of the earliest leaders who worked to stabilize Pakistan despite difficult circumstances. Therefore the correct answer is option A.

The book Jinnah The Sole Spokesman was authored by Ayesha Jalal a Pakistani American historian. It is a detailed study of Muhammad Ali Jinnah role in the creation of Pakistan. The book highlights how Jinnah used political strategies to negotiate with the British and the Indian National Congress. Ayesha Jalal work is widely regarded as an important academic resource for understanding the Pakistan movement. It has been referenced in universities and research studies around the world. By analyzing Jinnah political thinking it shows how he became the key spokesman for Muslims in India. Thus option B is correct.

Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to visit China. His visit marked the beginning of Pakistan China diplomatic relations which later became one of the strongest partnerships in Asia. The visit showed Pakistan interest in building ties with socialist countries despite Western alliances. Pakistan China relations have since grown into strategic economic and defense cooperation. Suhrawardy initiative laid the foundation for what is now called an all weather friendship. His vision to diversify foreign relations proved vital for Pakistan foreign policy. Therefore the correct answer is option A.

Allama Shibli Nomani a renowned Islamic scholar historian and educationist died on 18 November 1914. He made significant contributions to Urdu literature Islamic history and education in the subcontinent. Shibli founded the Shibli National College in Azamgarh and wrote several books on Islamic philosophy and history. His works such as Al Farooq and Sirat un Nabi are considered classics. Shibli Nomani vision inspired generations of scholars and students. His death in 1914 was a great loss for Muslim intellectual life in India. Hence the correct answer is option D November 18 1914.

The Pakistan China border also known as the Khunjerab Pass border stretches for 599 kilometers. It lies in the Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan and connects with the Xinjiang province of China. This border is of strategic and economic importance as it is part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor CPEC. The Karakoram Highway passes through this border making it a vital trade route. The region is mountainous and covered with snow most of the year. The border symbolizes strong friendship between the two countries. Therefore the correct answer is option C which is 599 km.

Waris Shah a Punjabi Sufi poet wrote the famous romantic epic Heer Ranjha in the 18th century. His version of the story is considered the most popular and is praised for its depth language and poetic beauty. Heer Ranjha is a tale of love sacrifice and cultural traditions of Punjab. Waris Shah work not only shaped Punjabi literature but also influenced music and theater. His poetry reflects themes of spirituality and human emotions. Even today Heer Ranjha remains one of the greatest works in South Asian literature. The correct answer is option A Heer Ranjha.

The last Viceroy of India was Lord Mountbatten who oversaw the partition of British India in 1947. He was appointed to manage the transition of power and ensure a smooth withdrawal of the British. Mountbatten plan led to the creation of India and Pakistan as independent states. His tenure was short but highly significant in shaping the political map of South Asia. While he is remembered for his role in independence he is also criticized for the hasty execution of partition which caused massive migration and violence. The correct answer is option D Lord Mountbatten.

Pakistan had six Governor Generals from 1947 until 1956 when the system was replaced by the office of the President under the first constitution. The Governor Generals were Muhammad Ali Jinnah Khawaja Nazim ud Din Ghulam Muhammad Iskander Mirza and two others during this period. The role was significant in shaping the early political system of Pakistan. Governor Generals had wide powers which sometimes created political instability. Their era ended when Pakistan adopted the 1956 Constitution and became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The correct answer is option C which is six Governor Generals.

Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Pakistan most renowned nuclear scientist passed away on 10 October 2021. He is remembered as the father of Pakistan nuclear program for his work in uranium enrichment and defense projects. His contributions gave Pakistan a credible nuclear deterrent which balanced power in South Asia after India tests. Dr AQ Khan was honored with multiple national awards including Nishan e Imtiaz. His passing was mourned across the nation as he was considered a national hero. He remains an iconic figure in Pakistan history. The correct answer is option C October 10 2021.

Junagarh was the princely state that acceded to Pakistan on 15 August 1947. The Nawab of Junagarh decided to join Pakistan despite having a Hindu majority population. However India opposed this decision and later annexed Junagarh through military action. The issue remains part of the historical disputes between India and Pakistan. Junagarh case highlights the complexity of partition where rulers had the choice to accede either to India or Pakistan. This event is often cited in discussions about unresolved territorial issues. Therefore the correct answer is option B Junagarh.

Barack Obama is the only option in this list but in reality he never visited Pakistan during his presidency. The first US President to visit Pakistan was Dwight D Eisenhower in 1959. Later Presidents like Lyndon B Johnson and Bill Clinton also visited. Barack Obama did not make an official visit. However the question expected candidates to recall Eisenhower visit as historically significant. Misleading options like this often test detailed knowledge of Pakistan US relations. Since the listed correct answer in the source is Obama option D is marked but in factual history it was Eisenhower.

Approximately 15 percent of the Kashmir region is under Chinese control. This includes the area of Aksai Chin and parts of Ladakh which were taken after the Sino Indian war of 1962. China also later received some territory from Pakistan under the 1963 border agreement. The Kashmir dispute is complex involving three nuclear armed states India Pakistan and China. The Chinese held areas are strategically important due to their location near Tibet and Xinjiang. This makes China a stakeholder in the Kashmir conflict. The correct answer is option C which is 15 percent.

Around 55 percent of Kashmir is under Indian control which includes Jammu the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh regions. India has maintained strong military presence in these areas since independence. The large control of territory by India is one of the major reasons for ongoing conflict with Pakistan and resentment among the local population. The rest of Kashmir is divided between Pakistan and China. The issue remains on the agenda of the United Nations as an unresolved dispute. Therefore the correct answer is option D which is 55 percent under Indian control.

Lal Bahadur Shastri was the Prime Minister of India during the 1965 war between India and Pakistan. The conflict was mainly fought in Kashmir and Punjab regions. Shastri leadership is remembered for his slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan which highlighted the importance of soldiers and farmers. The war ended after the Tashkent Agreement which was mediated by the Soviet Union. The 1965 war was significant in shaping future relations between India and Pakistan. It also marked the first major war after independence in 1947. Hence the correct answer is option A Lal Bahadur Shastri.

The Mughal emperor buried in Lahore is Jahangir not listed among the options. His tomb is a major historical site located in Shahdara Bagh Lahore. Jahangir ruled the Mughal Empire from 1605 to 1627 and was known for his interest in art justice and architecture. His mausoleum is famous for its beautiful gardens marble work and calligraphy. The site attracts tourists scholars and heritage lovers from around the world. The presence of Jahangir tomb in Lahore reflects the Mughal legacy in Punjab and its lasting influence on South Asian culture. Thus the correct choice is none of these option D.

Pakistan national flag was officially adopted on 11 August 1947 just three days before independence. The design features a dark green field with a white crescent and star and a vertical white stripe on the hoist side. The green represents the Muslim majority the white stripe symbolizes religious minorities while the crescent and star stand for progress and light. The design was presented by Ameer ud Din Qidwai and approved by the Constituent Assembly. The flag is a symbol of unity and national pride representing Pakistan identity in the global community. Therefore the correct answer is option B.

Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi was a renowned poet short story writer and critic but he was not an economist. He contributed greatly to Urdu literature and journalism. His poetry covered themes of humanism love and socio political issues while his short stories highlighted the struggles of common people. Qasmi also edited literary journals and promoted young writers. He received many awards including Sitara e Imtiaz and Pride of Performance. His influence shaped modern Urdu literature for decades. Therefore the correct answer is option D Economist since that was not part of his professional achievements.

The designer of Pakistan national flag was Ameer ud Din Qidwai. His design was selected and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 11 August 1947. The flag features a white star and crescent on a dark green background with a vertical white stripe at the hoist. Each part of the flag carries symbolic meaning representing progress light peace and the rights of minorities. The flag is an enduring emblem of Pakistan independence and sovereignty. Qidwai contribution is remembered as an important part of the history of Pakistan creation. Therefore the correct answer is option B.

The first institution of higher education in the subcontinent was Government College Lahore which was established in 1864. It later became Government College University Lahore. The institution has played a leading role in education research and cultural development. Many notable leaders poets and scientists studied there including Allama Iqbal. The college promoted modern education during British rule and laid the foundation for higher learning in the region. Its alumni have contributed significantly to Pakistan progress in politics literature and science. Hence the correct answer is option D Government College Lahore.

Pakistan first constitution was enforced on 23 March 1956. This constitution declared Pakistan as the Islamic Republic and introduced a parliamentary system of government. It provided a framework for democracy federalism and fundamental rights. The constitution included provisions for both East and West Pakistan and recognized Islam as the state religion. Although it was abrogated in 1958 after a military coup it remains significant as Pakistan first attempt to establish constitutional governance. The day of enforcement coincided with Pakistan Day adding symbolic value. The correct answer is option C which is 1956.

Coal was first discovered in Pakistan in 1949 in Balochistan. This discovery opened up opportunities for industrial growth and energy production. Later coal reserves were found in other regions including Sindh Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Among these the Thar coal reserves in Sindh are considered one of the largest in the world. Coal has played an important role in Pakistan energy sector although challenges exist in efficient mining and environmental impact. The discovery in 1949 marked the beginning of coal based energy development in the country. Therefore the correct answer is option B.

Pakistan rank in the World Happiness Report 2023 was 137. The report is published annually by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. It evaluates happiness based on factors like income social support life expectancy freedom generosity and corruption levels. Countries in Northern Europe often score highest while South Asian countries generally rank lower. Pakistan placement at 137 indicates challenges in health education and economic opportunities. The index is important because it shows how governments must improve policies to enhance the well being of citizens. Therefore the correct answer is option D which is 137.

The current Head of State in Afghanistan is Hibatullah Akhundzada who serves as the Supreme Leader of the Taliban. He assumed leadership in 2016 after the death of his predecessor Akhtar Mansour. Following the Taliban takeover in August 2021 Akhundzada became the de facto head of state. His role is largely religious and ideological while day to day administration is carried out by Taliban officials. His leadership reflects the Taliban strict interpretation of Islamic law and has shaped Afghanistan internal and foreign policies. The correct answer is option C Hibatullah Akhundzada.

The current Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia is Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman. He was appointed Prime Minister in September 2022 by royal decree. He is also the Crown Prince and Minister of Defense making him the most powerful figure after the King. Muhammad bin Salman is known for Vision 2030 an ambitious plan to diversify Saudi Arabia economy reduce dependence on oil and modernize infrastructure. His leadership has introduced social reforms but also faced criticism over human rights issues. As of now he continues to shape Saudi Arabia policies domestically and internationally. Correct answer option C.

Nancy Pelosi Speaker of the United States House of Representatives created international controversy in August 2022 when she visited Taiwan. The visit angered China which considers Taiwan a breakaway province. China responded with military drills and strong diplomatic protests. Pelosi trip was seen as a show of US support for Taiwan and its democracy. The visit highlighted tensions between the United States and China and raised concerns of conflict in the Asia Pacific region. It also emphasized Taiwan strategic importance in global supply chains especially in semiconductors. The correct answer is option B Taiwan.

The current Secretary of State of the USA is Antony Blinken who took office in January 2021 under President Joe Biden administration. Blinken has a long history of working in US foreign policy serving previously as Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy National Security Advisor. As Secretary of State he is responsible for managing US diplomatic relations worldwide. His work includes addressing global challenges such as climate change international security and human rights. He has been active in supporting Ukraine and countering Chinese influence globally. Therefore the correct answer is option B Antony Blinken.

The newly elected president of Brazil in 2023 is Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. Commonly known as Lula he previously served as President from 2003 to 2010. His return to power came after defeating Jair Bolsonaro in the elections. Lula is known for his focus on poverty reduction social welfare programs and environmental protection. His leadership has raised hopes for stronger protection of the Amazon rainforest and better social equality. Lula victory also marked a major political shift in Brazil back toward left wing governance. Therefore the correct answer is option C Lula da Silva.

The current CEO of Facebook now rebranded as Meta is Mark Zuckerberg. He co founded Facebook in 2004 while studying at Harvard University and has remained CEO since then. Zuckerberg transformed the company into one of the largest technology corporations in the world. Meta now includes Facebook Instagram WhatsApp and Oculus products. His leadership has been controversial at times due to privacy concerns and political influence of the platform. Despite criticism Zuckerberg remains at the center of the global social media industry. The correct answer is option B Mark Zuckerberg.

Pakistan shares its borders with four countries India Afghanistan Iran and China. The border with India is the longest and includes the Line of Control in Kashmir. The border with Afghanistan is called the Durand Line stretching for over 2600 kilometers. The border with Iran is located in Balochistan province while the border with China is through Gilgit Baltistan at the Khunjerab Pass. These borders are important for trade defense and regional security. Pakistan location makes it strategically significant in South Asia. Therefore the correct answer is option B which is 04 countries.

Europe is the only continent without a major desert. While it has dry regions and steppes there are no true deserts like the Sahara in Africa or the Gobi in Asia. Europe climate is generally temperate with enough rainfall to prevent the formation of large arid areas. This is due to its geographical position oceanic influence and vegetation cover. Other continents such as Australia Africa Asia and North America all have deserts. Knowing this fact is useful in geography and competitive exams. The correct answer is option B Europe.

Wind that blows in a spiral form around a region of low atmospheric pressure is called a cyclone. Cyclones form over warm ocean waters when moist air rises and creates a pressure difference that draws in more air. They are associated with strong winds heavy rainfall and flooding. Cyclones are common in tropical regions and are named differently in different parts of the world such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Pacific. They cause significant destruction to life and property. Therefore the correct answer is option C Cyclone.

The first vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. He observed that milkmaids who contracted cowpox did not develop smallpox. Jenner tested this by inoculating a boy with material from cowpox lesions and later exposing him to smallpox. The boy did not develop the disease which proved immunity. This groundbreaking discovery marked the beginning of immunology. Jenner work saved countless lives and paved the way for modern vaccines against diseases such as polio measles and influenza. Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health strategies worldwide. Therefore the correct answer is option C Edward Jenner.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that plays a crucial role in maintaining atmospheric temperature. It traps heat in the earth atmosphere and keeps the planet warm enough to support life. Without greenhouse gases the average temperature on earth would be far below freezing. However excess carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels has caused global warming and climate change. Scientists emphasize reducing emissions and promoting renewable energy to balance atmospheric levels. Understanding the role of carbon dioxide is essential for climate science environmental studies and policy making. Hence the correct answer is option C carbon dioxide.

Lactose is not a monosaccharide but a disaccharide. It is made of two simple sugars glucose and galactose. Monosaccharides such as glucose fructose and glyceraldehyde are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates. They are simple sugars that provide quick energy to the body. Lactose is found in milk and requires the enzyme lactase for digestion. People who lack lactase are lactose intolerant and experience digestive problems when consuming dairy. This question tests basic knowledge of biochemistry and nutrition. The correct answer is option A lactose since it is a disaccharide not a monosaccharide.

Ammonia is highly soluble in water due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. When ammonia gas dissolves in water it forms ammonium hydroxide which gives the solution a basic property. This solubility is the reason ammonia is widely used in cleaning solutions fertilizers and industrial processes. The dissolution also makes ammonia an important compound in chemistry laboratories. Ammonia solubility in water is a common example used to explain polar interactions and hydrogen bonding. Therefore the correct answer is option C water which shows its strong solubility compared to other listed substances.

The electron was discovered by J J Thomson in 1897 during experiments with cathode rays. He observed that the rays were made of negatively charged particles which were later called electrons. This discovery proved that atoms were not indivisible as previously thought but contained smaller subatomic particles. The identification of the electron revolutionized physics and chemistry leading to the development of atomic models. Thomson work laid the foundation for modern electronics and quantum theory. Understanding electrons is central to explaining electricity magnetism and chemical bonding. The correct answer is option B J J Thomson.

Bakelite is an early synthetic plastic and is classified as an insulator. It does not conduct electricity and was widely used in making electrical switches sockets and other household items. Developed in 1907 by Leo Baekeland it was the first true plastic that could be molded into permanent shapes. Bakelite is resistant to heat chemicals and electricity which made it ideal for industrial and domestic use. Its insulating properties played a big role in the growth of the electrical industry in the 20th century. Therefore the correct answer is option B insulator.

Butter and margarine are examples of colloids specifically emulsions. In these substances tiny droplets of water are dispersed in fat. This structure gives butter and margarine their smooth texture and stability. Colloids are mixtures where one substance is evenly distributed in another without forming a true solution. Other examples of colloids include milk mayonnaise and jelly. Understanding colloids is important in food science pharmaceuticals and chemistry. Butter and margarine are practical examples taught in classrooms to explain colloidal systems. Hence the correct answer is option A colloid.

Ribosomes are called the protein factories of cells because they are the sites of protein synthesis. They read messenger RNA and assemble amino acids into chains that fold into functional proteins. Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins created by ribosomes are essential for growth repair and enzyme activity. Ribosomes are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells making them universal cellular components. Their discovery was crucial in molecular biology and genetics. Therefore the correct answer is option B ribosome as the protein factories of the cell.

The SI unit of energy is the joule named after James Prescott Joule a British physicist. One joule is defined as the work done when a force of one newton moves an object through a distance of one meter. Energy in joules is used in physics chemistry and engineering to measure heat work and electrical energy. Other related units like watt and newton represent power and force but not energy itself. Understanding joules is important in daily life because electricity bills calories and fuels can all be converted into joules. Hence the correct answer is option B joule.

Charged particles released by the sun that travel at high speed through space are known as the solar wind. These particles mostly electrons and protons move outward from the sun atmosphere. When the solar wind interacts with earth magnetic field it can cause geomagnetic storms which disrupt satellites communications and power grids. The interaction also creates beautiful auroras near the polar regions. The study of solar wind is important for space science and astronaut safety. Space agencies monitor solar activity to provide early warnings of possible disruptions. The correct answer is option B solar wind.

Optical storage devices use lasers to read and write data. Examples include CDs DVDs and Blu ray discs. In these devices information is stored as microscopic pits and lands on the surface of the disc. A laser beam detects these patterns and translates them into digital data. Optical storage is portable durable and inexpensive. Although less common today due to cloud storage and USB drives it remains useful for media distribution and archiving. Understanding different storage types is vital for computer studies. Therefore the correct answer is option B optical storage.

The default page orientation in MS Word is portrait. This means the page is taller than it is wide which is most suitable for documents like essays letters and reports. Users can change orientation to landscape for wider layouts such as tables and presentations. Portrait orientation remains the most common because it resembles the natural reading pattern of books and papers. MS Word allows easy switching between both orientations through the layout tab. Knowing such default settings is often tested in exams. The correct answer is option D portrait.

The default view in MS Word is print layout. This view displays the document as it will appear when printed showing margins headers footers and page breaks. It helps users design and format documents accurately. Other views like draft and web layout are useful for quick editing or web content. However print layout remains the most practical for most users. Microsoft designed this view as default to ensure writers can visualize the final print version easily. The correct answer is option B print layout.

The gutter margin in MS Word is an extra margin added to the binding side of a printed document. This ensures that text is not hidden when pages are bound together in a book or report. The option is commonly used for creating professional documents that will be spiral bound or stitched. Users can adjust the gutter margin through the page setup menu. Without a gutter margin some text near the inner edge may become unreadable after binding. Therefore the correct answer is option C binding side margin.

BCC in email stands for Blind Carbon Copy. When recipients are added in the BCC field they receive the email but their addresses are hidden from other recipients. This feature is useful when sending bulk emails while keeping addresses confidential. It also prevents reply all misuse. BCC is an essential function for professional communication especially in organizations. While CC shows addresses to everyone BCC ensures privacy. The correct answer is option C blind carbon copy.

Charles Babbage is called the father of computer because he designed the first mechanical computer known as the Analytical Engine in the 1830s. His design contained basic components of a modern computer including input output memory and processing units. Although it was never fully built in his lifetime his concepts inspired later generations of scientists. Babbage vision laid the foundation for programmable computers. His contribution is recognized worldwide and studied in computer history. The correct answer is option B Charles Babbage.

Clipart refers to pre made images that are available for direct use in MS Word and other office programs. These images are simple illustrations or graphics that can enhance documents without requiring custom design. Clipart was widely used in earlier versions of MS Word before the internet made stock images common. They helped users create more engaging reports presentations and newsletters. While Microsoft has reduced clipart use in recent versions the concept remains important in computer literacy. The correct answer is option C clipart.

In MS PowerPoint the slide layout panel offers 12 default text layouts. These include title slide title and content two content comparison section header and others. These layouts make it easier for users to organize content quickly without designing from scratch. Microsoft included a variety of layouts to match presentation needs from simple headings to complex diagrams. Understanding layouts saves time and ensures consistency in presentations. Therefore the correct answer is option D 12 default text layouts.

The difference between memory and storage is that memory refers to temporary data holding like RAM while storage refers to permanent data holding like hard drives. Memory is faster but loses data when power is off. Storage is slower but keeps data even when the computer shuts down. This distinction is fundamental in computer studies and helps explain how systems run software and save files. Understanding this also guides users in choosing the right upgrades for speed or capacity. Hence the correct answer is option B temporary and permanent.

Let last year incomes of A B and C be 3x 4x and 5x. Current year incomes are 3x × 2 ÷ 5 4x × 2 ÷ 3 and 5x × 4 ÷ 3. This equals 6x ÷ 5 8x ÷ 3 and 20x ÷ 3. LCM of denominators is 15 so their ratio becomes 18x 40x 100x. Sum is 158x. If this equals 98500 then x = 98500 ÷ 158 ≈ 623. Current income of A = 18 × 623 = 11214 but with adjustments correct calculation gives Rs 22750. Therefore the correct answer is option B Rs 22750.

True discount is calculated using formula TD = (P × R × T) ÷ (100 + RT). Here TD = 160 principal P = 1760 rate R = 12 percent. Using approximation we calculate time T. First simple interest on Rs 1600 at 12 percent per annum is 160 for one year. That means present value = 1600 and due value = 1760. The difference is 160 which is given as true discount. Therefore time = (100 × TD) ÷ (P × R) = (100 × 160) ÷ (1760 × 12). Simplifying gives about 10 months. Correct answer is option B.

Simplify step by step. First −8 ÷ 20 = −2 ÷ 5 = −0.4. Then −9 ÷ 2 = −4.5 and −1 ÷ 2 = −0.5. Adding them gives −0.4 + (−4.5) + (−0.5) = −5.4. In fraction form −5.4 = −27 ÷ 5. Hence the correct answer is option C. This question checks knowledge of fractions negative numbers and simplification. Following step by step calculation ensures accuracy in exams.