“Abdul Malik ibn Marwan introduced currency in 693 CE:”

"In 693 CE Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik ibn Marwan introduced the dinar a standardized gold currency marking a significant reform in Islamic economics. Replacing Byzantine and Sassanid coins the dinar featured Arabic inscriptions and Islamic motifs symbolizing cultural and political independence. This currency facilitated trade across the expanding Islamic empire ensuring economic stability. Abdul Malik’s monetary reforms centralized financial systems enhancing administrative efficiency. The dinar’s legacy endures in modern currencies reflecting its historical role in shaping economic policies and fostering commerce in the early Islamic world."