Jamal al-din al-Afghani was against

Jamal al-din al-Afghani was against
A: Indian Independence
B: European colonialism
C: Central Government
D: None of these

Al-Afghani championed pan-Islamic solidarity to resist Western imperial domination. He urged scientific education and political awakening across Muslim societies. His travels—from Kabul and Istanbul to Cairo and Tehran—spread reformist ideas. Later anti-colonial thinkers drew on his critique of European power.