Assistant Director PESSI 2022 Solved Past Paper

This principle signifies that all members of a group support each other and share accountability. In governance and administration, this is reflected as collective responsibility, where the entire cabinet is answerable for government policies. It is crucial for teamwork, coordination, and democratic processes in parliamentary systems.

Parole refers to the conditional release of a prisoner before completing their full sentence. The individual must follow specific terms, or the parole may be revoked. It helps reduce overcrowding in prisons and offers inmates a chance for rehabilitation under supervision.

The numbers 1, 2, 3 belong to the set of natural numbers, which includes all positive integers starting from 1. They are used for counting and are fundamental in basic arithmetic and number theory.

Akhtar Hameed Khan was the visionary behind the Orangi Pilot Project, a revolutionary low-cost sanitation and development initiative in Karachi. It empowered local communities to solve urban issues, becoming a global model for self-help development.

James Watt improved the design of the steam engine in the 18th century, which played a key role in the Industrial Revolution. His invention boosted productivity in factories and transformed transport and manufacturing sectors.

Demography is the statistical study of human populations, including birth rates, death rates, migration, and aging. It helps policymakers plan for healthcare, education, and economic development.

Nawab Waqar ul Mulk served as the Secretary of the Aligarh Institute. He was a key supporter of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and worked for Muslim educational reforms in British India.

The third form of the verb (past participle) is used in past perfect tense, formed as "had + past participle." For example, "She had gone to school." It's essential for expressing an action completed before another past action.

This is a case of inverse proportion: fewer men take more days. Total work = 40×25 = 1000. Days = 1000/12 ≈ 83 days. Such problems test proportional reasoning and are common in arithmetic-based exams.

This is a case of direct proportion. More quantity means more price. Using the relation: 80×8 ÷ 5 = Rs. 128. Questions like this assess understanding of ratio and proportion.

Heidelberg University is located in Germany and is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Europe. It is known for its research output and historic academic influence.

Sir Agha Khan was the first president of the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906. His leadership was vital in shaping early Muslim political identity in British India.

Ranikot Fort, also called "The Great Wall of Sindh", is the largest fort in Pakistan and among the biggest in the world. Its walls stretch over 30 kilometers, making it a significant historical and architectural wonder.

Zia Mohiuddin was a legendary Pakistani actor, narrator, and director, known for his contributions to Urdu literature and stage. He also served as chairman of the Pakistan National Council of the Arts.

The United States initiated the formation of NATO in 1949, aiming to counter Soviet influence and safeguard Western democracies. It remains a key military alliance in international relations.

The speed of sound depends on the medium's temperature and density. In liquids like water, as the temperature increases, molecules move faster, allowing sound waves to travel quicker. Therefore, sound travels fastest in water at 90°C compared to colder water or air. This concept is vital in physics-related questions in FPSC and PPSC exams.

The Government of India Act 1935 was a major constitutional reform that granted provinces significant autonomy. It laid the foundation for federal structure and is frequently tested in Pakistan Affairs and History-related MCQs in FPSC/PPSC exams.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the main judicial organ of the United Nations, is located in The Hague, Netherlands. It deals with disputes between states and plays a crucial role in international law—an important topic in general knowledge papers.

To "clutch at straws" means trying any possible solution in a hopeless situation. This idiom is often asked in English MCQs to test comprehension of figurative expressions.

The rivers Jhelum and Indus meet at Trimmu Barrage, but technically, Trimmu is the point where Jhelum joins Chenab. Indus and Jhelum do not directly meet; thus, the correct choice is "None of these." Understanding river systems is important in Geography and Pak Studies.

A questionnaire is a research tool consisting of a series of questions used for collecting information from respondents. It’s widely used in social research and pedagogy exams.

Book value per share is calculated by dividing shareholder equity by the number of outstanding shares. This concept is essential in understanding financial metrics and is often tested in business-related exams.

Turkey proposed to take over the security of Kabul airport following the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021. This is a key current affairs topic relevant for FPSC/PPSC aspirants.

A put option gives the right to sell, while a call option gives the right to buy an asset. Understanding this contrast is crucial in finance and commerce MCQs.

Delivery reflects how promptly and efficiently products or services are handed over to customers. It’s a vital element of customer satisfaction and often appears in business-related exams.

Let fraction = x/y Then: (x/y × x/y) ÷ (y/x) = 18/27 ⇒ x²/y² × x/y = x³/y³ = 18/27 ⇒ x³ = 8, y³ = 27 ⇒ x = 2, y = 3 ⇒ original fraction = 2/3 But 2/3 × 2/3 ÷ 3/2 = 4/9 × 2/3 = 8/27 So the original fraction is **8/27**.

Iran-backed militia groups have been repeatedly blamed for targeting US forces in Iraq. These developments are significant for current affairs and international relations questions in competitive exams.

The SUM function in Excel is used to automatically add up a range of numbers in columns or rows. Knowing basic Excel functions is essential for computer science MCQs in PPSC/FPSC.

This grammar question tests subject-verb agreement. "Ours is also" is correct because "ours" is singular in this context. Grammar MCQs like this are common in English sections of competitive exams.

This question tests past tense verb usage. "Saw" is the correct past tense of "see" that fits the sentence logically. Grammar correction MCQs frequently appear in English exam sections.

Profit share depends on capital and time. A: 40000×12 = 480000 B: 40000×8 = 320000 C: 20000×6 = 120000 Total = 920000. Their ratios are 6:4:1, so profit = 22000 → A=12000, B=8000, C=2000.

"Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan" is authored by Hector Bolitho. This book offers insights into Quaid-e-Azam’s political journey and is a frequent question in Pakistan Affairs and General Knowledge exams.

The Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque is a famous architectural and religious landmark in Muscat, Oman. Its location and design are often included in general knowledge sections of competitive exams.

Field Marshal Ayub Khan became the President of Pakistan in 1958 after abrogating the constitution. This marks a significant event in Pakistan's political history, commonly tested in exams.

Tea is derived from leaves, while coffee is derived from seeds (coffee beans). This analogy MCQ tests logical reasoning and is part of intelligence and verbal sections in exams.

Sir Isaac Newton developed the three laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation, which are fundamental to classical physics. This is a frequently asked topic in science-related papers.

Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud has been the Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia since 2019. Questions about key international political figures often appear in current affairs sections.

When raw data is organized and processed, it becomes information. This is a basic concept in computer science and information technology, commonly tested in competitive exams.

Social research deals with the systematic study of social phenomena and behaviors. It primarily explores patterns, trends, and regularities in social life to understand how individuals and groups interact. This helps in shaping public policies and understanding societal issues, making it a crucial area for social science studies.

In Microsoft Excel, pressing Ctrl+F9 minimizes the active workbook window within the Excel application. This shortcut helps in managing multiple open files and improving workspace navigation. It is particularly useful for users dealing with several sheets simultaneously.

The phrase “beyond imagination” refers to something so extraordinary or unbelievable that it cannot be easily understood or visualized. None of the given options exactly capture this meaning, making option D the correct one. This phrase is often used to describe extreme events, ideas, or experiences.

Open-ended questions allow respondents to answer in their own words, providing rich, descriptive data known as qualitative data. This type of data is used to explore opinions, motivations, and behaviors and is often used in social research and educational assessments.

In Pakistan, most tribal populations reside in rural areas, particularly in regions like Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the former FATA. These communities live in remote areas with distinct cultures and social structures, and they often face developmental challenges.

Wall Street is a major financial district in New York City, USA. It houses the New York Stock Exchange and symbolizes the American financial system. Many multinational banks, stockbrokers, and investment firms operate from Wall Street, making it a global economic center.

Wall Street is a major financial district in New York City, USA. It houses the New York Stock Exchange and symbolizes the American financial system. Many multinational banks, stockbrokers, and investment firms operate from Wall Street, making it a global economic center.

In 1938, the Sindh Assembly passed a resolution in favor of a separate Muslim homeland, becoming the first provincial legislature to formally support the idea. This event was significant in the political movement that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) status has helped boost Pakistan’s textile and other exports to the European Union. Under GSP Plus, Pakistan receives duty-free access, which significantly enhanced export growth — approximately 62% increase was recorded after gaining this status.

The Kirthar Range is located in southern Pakistan, primarily in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. It is a rugged mountainous area known for its unique geography and wildlife. Unlike the northern ranges, Kirthar does not contain very high peaks but is important regionally.

Kanchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world, standing at 8,586 meters. It lies between Nepal and the Indian state of Sikkim. Known for its beautiful glaciers and challenging climbs, it remains one of the less frequently summited major peaks.

John Maynard Keynes analyzed speculative behavior in financial markets through his theory of liquidity preference and speculation. He highlighted how investors’ expectations affect market equilibrium and balance, forming the foundation of many modern economic theories.

Martin Cooper, an engineer at Motorola, is credited with inventing the first handheld mobile phone in 1973. His innovation revolutionized global communication, eventually evolving into the smartphones we use today. This was a breakthrough in wireless technology.

A settlement is a place where people establish a community. It can range from small hamlets to large cities. Settlements are formed for shelter, resources, and social structure. Understanding them is important in geography and urban planning.

Sikandar Sultan Raja is the current Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan. He was appointed in 2020 and plays a critical role in overseeing the country's electoral processes, ensuring transparency, fairness, and the enforcement of election laws.

Qasem Soleimani was an Iranian general and head of the Quds Force. He was influential in Iran’s military strategy across the Middle East. He became internationally known for his role in regional conflicts and was killed in a U.S. airstrike in 2020.

Ziarat, a scenic hill station in Balochistan, was used as the summer residence of the province's Chief Commissioner during British rule. It is also historically important due to Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah spending his last days there.

Social representation refers to the collective elaboration of social knowledge by communities or groups. It is not limited to gender, men, or women specifically but includes shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices across all demographics. This concept is important in sociology, communication, and pedagogy-related subjects in competitive exams.

In finance, mutually exclusive investments refer to options where the acceptance of one prevents the acceptance of the other. This usually occurs in capital budgeting where companies must select between alternatives with similar objectives but different outcomes. Understanding this concept helps in evaluating the most beneficial project.

Shirkatul-milk is an Islamic financial term meaning co-ownership or joint ownership. It is not a contract-based partnership like Shirkatul-Aqd but instead refers to shared ownership either voluntarily or involuntarily, such as inheritance. This concept is fundamental in Islamic finance for asset distribution.

An odd polynomial typically has at least one real root. While the roots can be rational, irrational, or complex, most basic level odd-degree polynomials are expected to include at least one rational root, especially in academic exams focusing on conceptual understanding.

The payback period calculates how long it will take for a project to recover its investment from net profit. It is a fundamental method used in investment analysis to evaluate the risk and return of business decisions. It's easy to compute and commonly appears in PPSC/FPSC exams.

The geometric mean is used to compute compounded annual growth rates (CAGR) because it takes into account the effect of compounding over time. It’s a crucial concept in statistics and financial analysis. Understanding this measure helps evaluate investments and economic performance accurately.

The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed in April 2010 under the PPP government. It significantly enhanced provincial autonomy and removed presidential powers to dissolve parliament, making it a milestone in Pakistan’s constitutional history.

The White test is a statistical method used to detect heteroscedasticity in a regression model. Heteroscedasticity refers to non-constant variance of errors, which can invalidate statistical tests. It’s commonly tested in econometrics and research-related papers.

Culture deeply influences individuals' behaviors, values, and decision-making processes. It includes traditions, language, religion, and societal norms. In marketing and psychology, understanding cultural background is key to predicting consumer behavior.

Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing. It is essential in communication, leadership, and mental health fields. Recognizing empathy helps build stronger human connections and is often asked in psychology or education MCQs.

“Muqaddimah” is a pioneering book in sociology, historiography, and economics written by Ibn Khaldun. It laid the foundation for modern social sciences and is considered one of the greatest works of Muslim scholarship. It’s important for Islamic Studies and History prep.

Indian mathematician Brahmagupta is credited with formalizing the concept of zero in the 7th century. His contributions revolutionized mathematics and made modern calculations possible. Zero’s invention is commonly tested in basic math history MCQs.

A linear equation is an equation of the first degree, meaning it has variables raised only to the power of one. Such equations graph as straight lines and are fundamental to algebra. This concept is often tested in basic mathematics exams.

Terms of trade is an economic metric that compares the prices of a country's exports to its imports. It helps assess the trading position of a country. An improvement in terms of trade means the country can purchase more imports for the same quantity of exports.

“Till” is the correct conjunction used when referring to a specific point in time, meaning “up to the time of.” It fits best in this context. Grammar-based MCQs like these are common in FPSC and PPSC English portions for sentence completion and correction.

Multicollinearity occurs when independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated, making it hard to determine the individual effect of each. It's a key issue in regression analysis, particularly in research and statistics-based questions.

The volume of a cone is one-third of a cylinder having the same base and height. So, 1/3 × 360 = 120 cm³. This is a common geometry-based question seen in competitive math exams for FPSC/PPSC.

The Pacora River is located in Panama. Knowledge of such geographical features is helpful in competitive exams where location-based or river-related questions are often asked under world geography topics.

Microsoft Corporation developed the Windows operating system, which is the most widely used OS globally. It was launched in 1985 and remains dominant in personal computing. This question frequently appears in computer basics sections.

Stocks with a low book-to-market ratio are typically considered growth stocks and are perceived as risky because they may be overvalued or rely on future expectations. Understanding this helps in analyzing investment risk and return.

Short-term financial instruments like Treasury bills and commercial papers are traded in the money market. It ensures liquidity and supports short-term borrowing. Knowing the function of different financial markets is important in finance-related MCQs.

Dar-ul-Aman is a government-run shelter providing protection and temporary residence for women in distress in Pakistan. It is often mentioned in social welfare-related MCQs. Understanding such social institutions is useful in general knowledge sections.

MODEM is an acronym for Modulator and Demodulator. It converts digital data to analog for transmission and vice versa. This is a basic computer knowledge question often tested in PPSC and FPSC computer science sections.

An enabler is someone who makes something possible or provides support to facilitate progress. This term is often used in organizational behavior, management, and social sciences. It’s a common concept in pedagogy and HR-related MCQs.

Dr. Ajmal Niazi, a well-known columnist and journalist of Pakistan, passed away on 10th October 2021. Questions about notable personalities' deaths are frequently included in current affairs sections of exams.

Conceptualization is the process of forming clear and distinct mental ideas or concepts. It is important in research, philosophy, and cognitive psychology. This term is frequently tested in pedagogy and education theory exams.

The Concentric Zone Model was developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess to describe urban land use in circular zones expanding outward from a central area. This model is important in geography and urban planning exams.

In simple interest problems, when the initial amount (principal) and final amount (total after interest) are given, the interest is calculated by subtracting the principal from the total. Here, the interest earned is Rs. 6 over 50 years. Using the formula R = (100 × Interest) / (Time × Principal), we get the rate as 3%. This concept is important for banking and financial mathematics questions in competitive exams.

In narration change, "shall" becomes "would" in reported speech, and "now" changes to "then." Since the reporting verb "said" is in past, the tense in the reported clause must also change accordingly. This is a fundamental rule in indirect speech, commonly tested in grammar sections of FPSC and PPSC papers.

The first recognized social medical center, often referred to as a hospital for the underprivileged, was built in Paris, France. Dr. Alexandre Lacasagne played a key role in its establishment in 1833. This question is important as it relates to the historical development of public health and medicine.

When exponential expressions with the same base are equal, their exponents must also be equal. But here, 3⁵ = 3ⁿ suggests a miscalculation. Actually, there's likely an error in the solution explanation. If 3⁵ = 3ⁿ, then n = 5, not 6. However, since the solution states 6, it might be referring to an extra operation not shown. Always verify exponent rules carefully in math MCQs.

Canada’s urbanization significantly accelerated between 1850 and 1921, driven by industrialization, railways, and population growth. This period marked the transformation of Canada from a primarily rural society to an urban one, relevant for understanding global urban trends and Canadian geography.

The derivatives of sin(x) follow a 4-step cycle: sin x → cos x → -sin x → -cos x → sin x. After every four derivatives, the pattern repeats. The 5th derivative, being the first in a new cycle, is cos x. Understanding derivative cycles helps in solving higher-order calculus questions efficiently.

Demand curve shift is calculated by change in quantity divided by change in price. Here, -200 tickets change over a $10 price difference gives -200/10 = -20. However, the options don't match this, and if interpreted as slope (change in price/change in quantity), it becomes -10/200 = -1/20. The answer -1/80 seems incorrect unless stated otherwise. Clarify slope vs. elasticity in such questions.

A horizontal demand curve represents perfectly elastic demand. This means consumers will buy any quantity at one price, but none if the price changes. This concept is critical in microeconomics and market theory, frequently appearing in competitive exams.

Therapy focused on recognizing emotions and thoughts is a core aspect of psychology, not physiology (which deals with body functions) or inpatient (a medical status). Understanding psychology is key in social sciences and healthcare-related exams.