Persian – Combined Competitive Examination – 2023 (PMS) (Held in 2025)

Sanai Ghaznavi a celebrated Persian poet and mystic created Mathnawi Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqat as a masterpiece blending spiritual teachings with poetic elegance. The word “written” is a past participle verb used in passive voice emphasizing the work rather than the author. It indicates a completed creative act. Alternatives could be “authored” “composed” or “penned.” The title translates to “The Garden of Truth” symbolizing the richness of divine wisdom. Sanai’s work inspired later Sufi poets like Rumi who admired his depth of thought. The book is filled with moral parables and allegories designed to guide the reader toward enlightenment. Its structure and tone reflect the careful arrangement of ideas showing that the poet’s intention went beyond entertainment—it was to elevate the spirit.

Urfi Shirazi was a gifted Persian poet who migrated to the Indian sub-continent at a time when the Mughal Empire was flourishing. The word “arrived” is a past tense verb in active voice indicating a specific historical movement. Alternatives might include “came” “migrated” or “reached.” His arrival during the Mughal period is significant because the empire was a major patron of arts and literature encouraging Persian poets to enrich the royal courts. The Mughal kings valued refined poetry and Urfi’s elegant style fitted perfectly into the cultural landscape. This context explains why his works gained prominence—he not only found an appreciative audience but also contributed to the rich Indo-Persian literary heritage that developed during the Mughal era.

Diwan-e-Shams is a famous poetry collection by Jalal-ud-Din Rumi dedicated to his spiritual guide Shams-e-Tabrizi. The phrase “is attributed to” is in passive voice using present tense to show recognition of authorship. Possible alternatives include “belongs to” “is credited to” or “was authored by.” This attribution reflects the deep inspiration Rumi drew from Shams making the collection a monument of spiritual love and devotion. The poems are mystical full of metaphors and symbolic language aiming to express divine love. The grammar places emphasis on the work itself while linking it to the poet showing both the subject’s identity and the importance of the literary piece in Persian Sufi heritage.

Mathnavi-e-Ma’navi is one of Rumi’s most influential works often called the “Persian Quran” for its depth and wisdom. The term “authored” is a past tense verb here used in passive meaning indicating deliberate creation. Alternatives could be “written by” “composed by” or “penned by.” This work is a six-volume series of mystical poetry teaching spiritual and moral lessons through stories and parables. By saying it is “authored by” Rumi the statement emphasizes the creative ownership and intentional crafting of the text. The book remains a cornerstone in Sufi literature offering readers both poetic beauty and profound spiritual insight.

Daqiqi Tusi was a Persian poet who began narrating Shanameh before Ferdowsi completed the famous epic. The verb “recited” is in past tense and active voice showing oral delivery or poetic performance. Alternatives could be “narrated” “composed” or “told.” His early work laid the groundwork for Ferdowsi who expanded and completed the epic into the monumental version known today. This historical detail highlights how major literary works can be collaborative across generations even if one author becomes more famous. Daqiqi’s verses though fewer in number were integrated into Ferdowsi’s masterpiece preserving his contribution for history.

Umar Khayyam was a renowned Persian mathematician astronomer and poet who lived during the Saljuq dynasty’s rule. The phrase “was part of” is a past tense linking verb phrase indicating belonging to a historical era. Alternatives could be “belonged to” “lived in” or “flourished during.” His association with the Saljuques period is important because this era fostered advances in science philosophy and literature. Khayyam’s Rubaiyat gained lasting fame blending philosophical reflection with lyrical beauty. Knowing his historical context helps readers understand the intellectual climate that shaped his works.

Naziri Nishapuri a distinguished Persian poet travelled to India while the Mughal Empire was at its cultural peak. The verb “visited” is past tense active voice showing a purposeful journey. Possible alternatives are “came to” “traveled to” or “arrived in.” The Mughals welcomed poets like Nazirii offering patronage and recognition. His poetry enriched Indo-Persian literature reflecting the artistic exchange between Iran and India. This historical movement illustrates how poetry transcends borders creating a shared literary tradition across regions.

Sadiq Hidayat a modern Iranian author wrote Boof-e-Koor (“The Blind Owl”) a landmark of Persian fiction. The word “writer” is a noun identifying the creator of a literary work. Alternatives could include “author” “novelist” or “creator.” This novel uses symbolism and psychological depth to explore themes of isolation and despair. The statement links the work directly to its creator giving credit and historical placement. Hidayat’s style differs from classical Persian literature marking a shift toward modernist expression in Persian prose.

Allama Iqbal published Asrar-e-Khudi as his first book in Persian aiming to inspire self-realization among Muslims. The word “titled” is a past participle used to indicate the official name of a work. Alternatives include “named” “called” or “known as.” The book’s theme focuses on developing one’s inner strength and understanding one’s purpose. Writing it in Persian allowed Iqbal to reach a wider intellectual audience across the Islamic world. This title became an important step in his career as a philosopher-poet.

Hafiz a celebrated Persian poet was honored with the title Lisan-ul-Ghalib meaning “The Tongue of the Unseen.” The word “designation” is a noun meaning a formal title or label given to someone. Alternatives could be “title” “epithet” or “appellation.” This honor recognized his unmatched eloquence and mastery of Persian lyric poetry. Titles like this show how poets were celebrated in their societies for their ability to express deep truths beautifully.

Sanai Ghaznavi a celebrated Persian poet and mystic created Mathnawi Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqat as a masterpiece blending spiritual teachings with poetic elegance. The word “written” is a past participle verb used in passive voice emphasizing the work rather than the author. It indicates a completed creative act. Alternatives could be “authored” “composed” or “penned.” The title translates to “The Garden of Truth” symbolizing the richness of divine wisdom. Sanai’s work inspired later Sufi poets like Rumi who admired his depth of thought. The book is filled with moral parables and allegories designed to guide the reader toward enlightenment. Its structure and tone reflect the careful arrangement of ideas showing that the poet’s intention went beyond entertainment—it was to elevate the spirit.

Urfi Shirazi was a gifted Persian poet who migrated to the Indian sub-continent at a time when the Mughal Empire was flourishing. The word “arrived” is a past tense verb in active voice indicating a specific historical movement. Alternatives might include “came” “migrated” or “reached.” His arrival during the Mughal period is significant because the empire was a major patron of arts and literature encouraging Persian poets to enrich the royal courts. The Mughal kings valued refined poetry and Urfi’s elegant style fitted perfectly into the cultural landscape. This context explains why his works gained prominence—he not only found an appreciative audience but also contributed to the rich Indo-Persian literary heritage that developed during the Mughal era.

Diwan-e-Shams is a famous poetry collection by Jalal-ud-Din Rumi dedicated to his spiritual guide Shams-e-Tabrizi. The phrase “is attributed to” is in passive voice using present tense to show recognition of authorship. Possible alternatives include “belongs to” “is credited to” or “was authored by.” This attribution reflects the deep inspiration Rumi drew from Shams making the collection a monument of spiritual love and devotion. The poems are mystical full of metaphors and symbolic language aiming to express divine love. The grammar places emphasis on the work itself while linking it to the poet showing both the subject’s identity and the importance of the literary piece in Persian Sufi heritage.

Mathnavi-e-Ma’navi is one of Rumi’s most influential works often called the “Persian Quran” for its depth and wisdom. The term “authored” is a past tense verb here used in passive meaning indicating deliberate creation. Alternatives could be “written by” “composed by” or “penned by.” This work is a six-volume series of mystical poetry teaching spiritual and moral lessons through stories and parables. By saying it is “authored by” Rumi the statement emphasizes the creative ownership and intentional crafting of the text. The book remains a cornerstone in Sufi literature offering readers both poetic beauty and profound spiritual insight.

Daqiqi Tusi was a Persian poet who began narrating Shanameh before Ferdowsi completed the famous epic. The verb “recited” is in past tense and active voice showing oral delivery or poetic performance. Alternatives could be “narrated” “composed” or “told.” His early work laid the groundwork for Ferdowsi who expanded and completed the epic into the monumental version known today. This historical detail highlights how major literary works can be collaborative across generations even if one author becomes more famous. Daqiqi’s verses though fewer in number were integrated into Ferdowsi’s masterpiece preserving his contribution for history.

Umar Khayyam was a renowned Persian mathematician astronomer and poet who lived during the Saljuq dynasty’s rule. The phrase “was part of” is a past tense linking verb phrase indicating belonging to a historical era. Alternatives could be “belonged to” “lived in” or “flourished during.” His association with the Saljuques period is important because this era fostered advances in science philosophy and literature. Khayyam’s Rubaiyat gained lasting fame blending philosophical reflection with lyrical beauty. Knowing his historical context helps readers understand the intellectual climate that shaped his works.

Naziri Nishapuri a distinguished Persian poet travelled to India while the Mughal Empire was at its cultural peak. The verb “visited” is past tense active voice showing a purposeful journey. Possible alternatives are “came to” “traveled to” or “arrived in.” The Mughals welcomed poets like Nazirii offering patronage and recognition. His poetry enriched Indo-Persian literature reflecting the artistic exchange between Iran and India. This historical movement illustrates how poetry transcends borders creating a shared literary tradition across regions.

Sadiq Hidayat a modern Iranian author wrote Boof-e-Koor (“The Blind Owl”) a landmark of Persian fiction. The word “writer” is a noun identifying the creator of a literary work. Alternatives could include “author” “novelist” or “creator.” This novel uses symbolism and psychological depth to explore themes of isolation and despair. The statement links the work directly to its creator giving credit and historical placement. Hidayat’s style differs from classical Persian literature marking a shift toward modernist expression in Persian prose.

Allama Iqbal published Asrar-e-Khudi as his first book in Persian aiming to inspire self-realization among Muslims. The word “titled” is a past participle used to indicate the official name of a work. Alternatives include “named” “called” or “known as.” The book’s theme focuses on developing one’s inner strength and understanding one’s purpose. Writing it in Persian allowed Iqbal to reach a wider intellectual audience across the Islamic world. This title became an important step in his career as a philosopher-poet.

Hafiz a celebrated Persian poet was honored with the title Lisan-ul-Ghalib meaning “The Tongue of the Unseen.” The word “designation” is a noun meaning a formal title or label given to someone. Alternatives could be “title” “epithet” or “appellation.” This honor recognized his unmatched eloquence and mastery of Persian lyric poetry. Titles like this show how poets were celebrated in their societies for their ability to express deep truths beautifully.