Drawn in 1893; the Durand Line ran between British India and Afghanistan from the Wakhan to Balochistan. It functions as Pakistan’s international frontier. Its history remains sensitive in regional politics. Terrain and tribal ties complicate management along the belt.
Europe retains multiple monarchies—kingdoms; principalities; and a grand duchy. Counting the UK; Spain; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; and others totals about twelve. Constitutional forms range from largely ceremonial to more active roles. The figure reflects common contemporary tallies.
In the Muqaddimah he analyzed social cohesion; taxation; and urban life. His theory of dynastic cycles centered on ‘asabiyya (group solidarity). Methodically observing society; he anticipated modern sociology. Scholars regard him as a pioneer of social science.
Founded in 1945; the League of Arab States based its secretariat in Cairo. It coordinates political; economic; and cultural initiatives among members. Summits address regional crises and cooperation. The HQ has remained a diplomatic hub.
Comte’s positivism urged scientific study of society. Durkheim adopted this stance; treating social facts as measurable realities. He applied it to topics like division of labor and suicide. His work institutionalized sociology in France.
Magellan led the first circumnavigation under the Spanish flag; proving global sea routes. He did not “discover” the listed modern countries. The expedition mapped straits and vast oceans; altering world geography. Its significance lies in circumnavigation; not those destinations.
The Gregorian calendar is a solar system calibrated to Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Leap-year rules correct cumulative drift. It is the dominant civil calendar worldwide. (The Persian calendar is also solar; but the keyed answer targets Gregorian.)
General Sir Francis Tuker penned reflective accounts of the Burma theater and strategy. “While Memory Serves” offers candid judgments on command and logistics. It illuminates Allied decision-making in Southeast Asia. Military historians mine it for first-hand perspectives.
Ayesha Jalal examines state formation; civil–military relations; and electoral politics across the region. The analysis compares Pakistan; India; and neighbors over decades. It explores why democratic practices advance or stall. The book is widely assigned in South Asian politics courses.
Iqbal passed away on 21 April 1938 in Lahore. The day is marked with seminars; wreath-laying; and readings of his verse. His philosophical poetry shaped Muslim political thought on the subcontinent. He is honored nationally as “Poet of the East.”
Al-Tabari compiled a sweeping universal history from creation to his day. He used isnad-based reporting to record events. The chronicle is foundational for early Islamic historiography. It pairs with his influential Quranic exegesis.
Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar; Gujarat. Trained in law in London; he began activism in South Africa. Back in India; he led mass non-violent movements. His moral politics reshaped anti-colonial struggle.
The association aimed to articulate loyalist Muslim opinion in a turbulent era. Sir Syed emphasized education and gradual reform over agitation. It predated structured Muslim party organization. The effort foreshadowed later political mobilization.
The Taipei-based state retains the formal name “Republic of China.” It traces continuity to the 1912 republic. “Taiwan” is widely used for clarity in international discourse. Diplomatic recognition varies by country.
Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology at Leipzig in 1879. He formalized introspection and reaction-time methods. His students spread this scientific approach worldwide. The lab’s creation marks psychology’s institutional birth.
Samarkand sits in the Zeravshan valley of modern Uzbekistan. It flourished as a Silk Road hub under Timur. Monuments like the Registan and Ulugh Beg’s observatory attest to its legacy. It remains a cultural centerpiece of Central Asia.
Reagan starred in Hollywood before entering politics. He later served as California’s governor and became U.S. President in 1981. His agenda emphasized markets; tax cuts; and strong defense. Media savvy shaped his public leadership.
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth. The British monarch serves as Head of State; represented locally by a Governor-General. Executive leadership rests with the Prime Minister and Cabinet. This arrangement balances ceremonial and political roles.
Discovered at Rashid (Rosetta) in Egypt; the stela bears a decree in three scripts. Greek provided the key to deciphering hieroglyphs. Champollion’s breakthrough opened ancient Egyptian texts to modern study. The artifact is central to Egyptology.
The IOC awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo after a competitive bid. Global health conditions pushed the event to 2021. Branding and venues largely stayed the same. The Games proceeded under extensive protocols.