Akbar ascended the throne in 1556; aided initially by Bairam Khan. His long reign consolidated Mughal administration; revenue; and culture. Policies of integration broadened imperial support. He died in 1605; leaving a robust state.
Primary records on Ertugrul are sparse and fragmentary. Much of his story comes from later Ottoman chronicles and legend. Modern depictions rely heavily on tradition rather than contemporaneous documentation. No single classical text is fully authoritative.
Timothy McVeigh; influenced by extremist militia and white supremacist currents; bombed the Murrah Federal Building. The blast killed 168 people and injured hundreds. It stands among the deadliest U.S. domestic terror attacks. Security protocols nationwide changed afterward.
The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) transferred Kashmir for 7.5 million Nanakshahi rupees. This followed Sikh wars and earlier Lahore treaty terms. Gulab Singh consolidated Dogra rule over the valley and adjoining areas. The transaction deeply influenced later regional politics.
Tallying “general seats” differs from totals that include reserved and allied independents. Reported figures do not align neatly with the options given. Government formation that year hinged on coalitions rather than a single clear majority. Hence; none of the listed counts precisely matches the general-seats figure.
On 12 October 1999; the Army Chief ousted the civilian government. A Provisional Constitutional Order followed; restructuring institutions. Subsequent years saw a referendum and controlled elections. The episode reshaped Pakistan’s civil–military balance.
T. E. Lawrence coordinated with Arab allies against Ottoman rule during World War I. His desert campaigns and liaison work earned the moniker “Lawrence of Arabia.” He combined intelligence; irregular warfare; and diplomacy. The memoir “Seven Pillars of Wisdom” recounts these operations.
After the Kalinga war; Ashoka embraced Buddhist ethics of non-violence and welfare. His edicts; carved on rocks and pillars; promote dhamma and moral governance. He sponsored monastic institutions and councils. Buddhism spread widely under his patronage.
Muawiya founded the Umayyad dynasty following the first Islamic civil war. Yazid succeeded him; inaugurating a hereditary succession. His short reign intersected with major early conflicts. Those events shaped later sectarian memory and political traditions.
Cyrus the Great extended Achaemenid influence toward the Indus frontier in the 6th century BCE. His successor Darius formalized control via the Indus satrapy. Alexander’s invasion came much later; in the 4th century BCE. Thus; the earliest incursion is associated with Cyrus.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike became Prime Minister of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1960. Her election marked the first time a woman led a modern government. She served multiple terms amid Cold War and non-aligned politics. Her tenure influenced social and economic policy across South Asia.
“Byzantine” is the modern label for the Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople. It preserved Roman law while adopting Greek language and Orthodox Christianity. Its borders fluctuated for a millennium before 1453. The empire bridged Mediterranean; Balkan; and Near Eastern worlds.
Abdulaziz Ibn Saud unified Najd and the Hijaz in the early 20th century. With control of the holy cities; he proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia soon after consolidation. Centralized institutions gradually replaced tribal arrangements. Subsequent oil discoveries transformed the state’s economy and diplomacy.
Al-Afghani championed pan-Islamic solidarity to resist Western imperial domination. He urged scientific education and political awakening across Muslim societies. His travels—from Kabul and Istanbul to Cairo and Tehran—spread reformist ideas. Later anti-colonial thinkers drew on his critique of European power.
Kushan rulers; especially Kanishka; issued abundant high-purity gold dinars. The coin designs mixed Greek legends with a wide pantheon; reflecting cosmopolitan trade routes. Gold supply came via Central Asian exchanges and Indian bullion flows. Their numismatic series is a key tool for dating the era.
The fatal attack occurred in Ramadan within the mosque of Kufa. Injuries from a poisoned blade led to his passing soon after. Classical Muslim chronicles converge on the year 661 CE for the event. His resting place is revered at Najaf.
Amir Khusro; the famed Indo-Persian poet and court chronicler; celebrated Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji’s early victories. His panegyric verses often doubled as historical notices of the Delhi court. “Miftah-ul-Futuh” records campaigns and royal virtues in a stylized idiom. It sits among Khusro’s works that fuse literature with political history.
The Ottoman beylik rose on the northwestern edge of Anatolia. Early bases were near Söğüt and Bursa. From this frontier zone they crossed the straits into Europe. The realm eventually bridged Asia and Europe.
Soviet airborne units entered Kabul on 24 December 1979. A regime change followed within days. A long insurgency then spread across the provinces. The war reshaped regional politics and global alignments.
Lahore hosted the second Islamic Summit in 1974. Heads of many Muslim states attended. The agenda covered unity oil power and Palestine. It marked a high point in Pakistan Arab relations.