Queen Victoria ruled from 1837 to 1901; encompassing the 1857 uprising. After that revolt; the Crown replaced Company rule in India. Imperial governance was reorganized under the Raj. The “Empress of India” title came later.
After World War I Indian Muslims rallied to protect the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ali brothers led mass mobilization across towns and villages. Congress supported joint action for a while. The movement shaped later independence politics.
The rural Bengal reform stressed obligatory religious duties. Haji Shariatullah targeted social abuses and zamindari excesses. The campaign revived practice and discipline. It influenced later Muslim activism in the region.
The vast universal history is by the North African polymath. Its famous Muqaddimah introduces a science of society. He analyzes dynastic cycles through asabiyya group solidarity. The work shaped modern social thought.
Empress Nur Jahan exercised exceptional influence at Jahangir’s court. Coins were struck in her name alongside imperial issues. The legends affirm her formal authority in the royal mint. Surviving pieces are prized by numismatists.
George VI reigned from 1936 to 1952. He assented to the Indian Independence Act that ended British rule. The last Viceroy oversaw the transfer of power under his reign. His daughter later became Queen Elizabeth II.
Aurangzeb chose austere burial at Khuldabad in an open; simple grave. In contrast; Shah Jahan lies at the Taj Mahal and Jahangir at Shahdara; Lahore. His modest resting place reflected personal piety. It stands apart from grand Mughal mausolea.
Babur’s victory over Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526 ended the Sultanate. The Mughal Empire began with that campaign. Administrative and cultural patterns shifted in the new imperial order. The battle marks a clear political transition in North India.
Babur composed his memoir in Chagatai Turkic; his native literary tongue. Later; it was translated into Persian; the Mughal court language. The text blends candid self-portrait with sharp observation. It remains a masterpiece of early modern prose.
Pakistan’s first Prime Minister chose Washington for his earliest major overseas tour. The visit set an early Cold War alignment tone. Talks covered aid defense and development. It was an extended multi stop itinerary within the US.
In the mid 1980s the OIC appointed Pakistani jurist S S Pirzada. His brief tenure coincided with multiple regional crises. The post required consensus building among diverse members. His legal background helped in diplomatic drafting.
The Moroccan traveler reached Delhi in the 14th century. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq appointed him Qazi. His Rihla details routes ports and court life. It remains a vital source for the Sultanate period.
The great mosque in Lahore dates to the late 17th century. Aurangzeb commissioned it beside Lahore Fort. Its red sandstone and marble reveal monumental Mughal style. For centuries it ranked among the largest mosques.
The April 1978 coup brought the PDPA to power in Kabul. Rapid socialist reforms sparked widespread resistance. The Soviet intervention followed the next year. The conflict endured for a decade with lasting regional effects.
Akbar ascended the throne in 1556; aided initially by Bairam Khan. His long reign consolidated Mughal administration; revenue; and culture. Policies of integration broadened imperial support. He died in 1605; leaving a robust state.
Primary records on Ertugrul are sparse and fragmentary. Much of his story comes from later Ottoman chronicles and legend. Modern depictions rely heavily on tradition rather than contemporaneous documentation. No single classical text is fully authoritative.
Timothy McVeigh; influenced by extremist militia and white supremacist currents; bombed the Murrah Federal Building. The blast killed 168 people and injured hundreds. It stands among the deadliest U.S. domestic terror attacks. Security protocols nationwide changed afterward.
The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) transferred Kashmir for 7.5 million Nanakshahi rupees. This followed Sikh wars and earlier Lahore treaty terms. Gulab Singh consolidated Dogra rule over the valley and adjoining areas. The transaction deeply influenced later regional politics.
Tallying “general seats” differs from totals that include reserved and allied independents. Reported figures do not align neatly with the options given. Government formation that year hinged on coalitions rather than a single clear majority. Hence; none of the listed counts precisely matches the general-seats figure.
On 12 October 1999; the Army Chief ousted the civilian government. A Provisional Constitutional Order followed; restructuring institutions. Subsequent years saw a referendum and controlled elections. The episode reshaped Pakistan’s civil–military balance.