Assistant (BS-16) – Special Education Department – 2022

Nehru penned these letters to his daughter Indira from prison (1930–33). They survey global history in a lively; comparative style. First published in 1934; the book aimed to broaden a young reader’s worldview.

The Baghdad Pact became CENTO after Iraq’s 1959 withdrawal. It linked Pakistan; Iran; Turkey; the UK; and later the USA (informally). Its goal was to contain Soviet influence in the Middle East and South Asia.

“Black Summer” refers to catastrophic bushfires across Australia from mid-2019 to early 2020. They burned millions of hectares; with severe biodiversity loss. The season intensified debates on climate resilience.

In 2011; the body officially adopted “Organization of Islamic Cooperation.” The earlier name (“Conference”) reflected its summit format. The OIC coordinates political; economic; and cultural collaboration among member states.

Kyoto’s first commitment period ran 2008–2012 for Annex I countries. Targets were relative to 1990 baselines. It was superseded by later arrangements; including the Doha Amendment and then Paris.

The water lily (often lotus in broader usage) is nicknamed “Queen of Water.” It thrives in ponds and lakes and symbolizes purity in many cultures. Its floating leaves and striking blooms define aquatic gardens.

Lincoln (1861–1865) issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. He championed the 13th Amendment; abolishing slavery nationwide. His leadership during the Civil War reshaped the American union.

France consistently tops global arrivals; driven by Paris; Riviera; and heritage sites. Strong rail links and Schengen access help. Tourism is a major pillar of the French economy.

Shahjahanabad is today’s Old Delhi (“Purani Dilli”). Built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan; it centered on the Red Fort and Jama Masjid. Its bazaars and lanes retain a historic urban fabric.

Kipling received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. He is known for “The Jungle Book;” “Kim;” and poems like “If—.” The Swedish Academy lauded his narrative artistry.

Swiss perpetual neutrality was recognized at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The Alpine buffer concept stabilized European power balances. Neutrality later shaped Swiss foreign and defense policy.

Abdulmejid II (rendered here as Abdul Ajeed II) was the last Ottoman Caliph (1922–1924). Note

The Taliban captured Kabul in 1996; proclaiming the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Their rule lasted until late 2001. International recognition was limited; with Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; and UAE among few recognizers.

The “Black Death” denotes the bubonic plague pandemic of the 14th century. Caused by Yersinia pestis; it devastated Eurasia and North Africa. The term also appears for later plague waves.

Lausanne finalized modern Turkey’s borders after the War of Independence. It superseded Sèvres; confirmed territorial arrangements; and addressed debts. The treaty underpinned the Republic’s international standing.

The purpose of the later barrier (built in 1961) was to halt East-to-West flight. In 1948; Berlin faced the Soviet blockade; the physical Wall came years later. Ultimately; border fortifications served to prevent emigration.

Ormara lies on Pakistan’s Makran coast in Balochistan. It hosts Jinnah Naval Base and a deep-sea port. The area is strategically located along the Arabian Sea corridor.

The Rowlatt Act (Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act) was enacted in 1919. It extended wartime emergency measures into peacetime. The law triggered widespread protests; including in Punjab.

The 1940 Lahore Resolution was moved by A.K. Fazlul Huq and seconded by leaders including Maulana Zafar Ali Khan. It envisaged autonomous states in Muslim-majority zones. The Resolution became a landmark in Pakistan’s creation.

The Ravi originates in Himachal Pradesh and flows into Punjab; not through J&K. By contrast; the Indus and Chenab traverse the J&K region. These river origins matter in Indus Waters Treaty contexts.

Riffat Masood; a career diplomat; became Pakistan’s first woman ambassador to Iran. She has served in multiple key postings. Her appointment marked a milestone in Pakistan’s foreign service.

Field hockey is officially recognized as Pakistan’s national game. Pakistan has multiple World Cup and Olympic honors in hockey. Cricket; though more followed; is not the official national sport.

Iqbal’s 1930 address at Allahabad envisioned a consolidated Muslim state in the northwest. It influenced later political trajectories. The speech is a touchstone in Pakistan’s intellectual history.

On the eve of independence; Muslim-majority areas had limited heavy industry. Cottage and small-scale crafts dominated local economies. Post-1947 policy focused on industrialization to correct these gaps.

The Nehru Report (1928) proposed dominion status and a constitutional framework. Muslim leaders criticized inadequate safeguards. Its rejection helped catalyze the Fourteen Points and later developments.

Khanpur Dam near Islamabad/Haripur is on the Haro River. It supplies water and supports irrigation and recreation. Mangla and Tarbela are on the Jhelum and Indus respectively.

The All-India Muslim League observed “Day of Deliverance” on 22 December 1939. It marked the resignation of Congress ministries. The date reflects political polarization of the time.

Lord Canning became the first Viceroy after the 1857 uprising. He presided over the transition from Company to Crown rule. Administrative reforms followed to consolidate British control.

In 1970; the One-Unit scheme was abolished and Balochistan became a province. It gained its own assembly and cabinet. The move reshaped Pakistan’s federal structure.

In South Asian history; the “Jihad Movement” is widely associated with Syed Ahmad of Rae Bareli (Shaheed) in the 1820s–30s. Terminology varies across texts. The key here selects “None;” reflecting exam-specific framing.

Ranikot Fort in Sindh is often termed the “Great Wall of Sindh.” Its vast perimeter spans several kilometers. While its exact origins are debated; its scale is unmatched in Pakistan.

The Orakzai Agency has witnessed multiple militant attacks during that period. The keyed date aligns with reporting of a deadly incident in April 2012. Security operations in FATA later aimed to dismantle such networks.

The UN and its Secretary-General; António Guterres; have repeatedly warned about climate risks. Reports stress rapid emission cuts and adaptation. Multilateral forums drive collective action.

Operation Zarb-e-Azb launched in June 2014 in North Waziristan. It targeted militant strongholds and logistics. Subsequent ops (Radd-ul-Fasaad) expanded nationwide stabilization.

In Islamabad; “Kashmir Highway” was renamed “Srinagar Highway.” The renaming highlights solidarity with Kashmiris. It also standardizes signage on major corridors.

For FY 2021–22; Pakistan’s deficit hovered around the mid-7% of GDP mark. Rising global commodity prices and subsidies widened gaps. Consolidation efforts focus on revenue and targeted spending.

Gurdeep Singh was elected to the Senate from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on a minority seat. His election represented broader inclusion of minorities. He is affiliated with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.

PSL 2021 was the sixth edition. It was split between Karachi/Lahore with a COVID-related mid-season pause. Multan Sultans won their maiden title that year.

Quetta Gladiators defeated Peshawar Zalmi in the 2019 final at Karachi. It was Quetta’s first title after earlier near-misses. The event marked major matches returning to Pakistan.

Justice Muhammad Ameer Bhatti took oath as Chief Justice; LHC; in 2021. Seniority and administrative experience factored in. He has since overseen several key benches.

Pakistan commonly reviews petroleum prices fortnightly (every 15 days). Changes reflect global Platts prices and exchange rates. The mechanism passes international volatility to domestic markets.

K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen) stands in the Karakoram on the Pakistan-China border. At 8;611 meters; it is the world’s second-highest peak. Its technical difficulty earns it a fearsome reputation.

Astronomy covers celestial objects—stars; planets; moons; and beyond. It also investigates galaxies; nebulae; and cosmology. Observational and theoretical branches complement each other.

Air moves from high to low pressure due to pressure gradients. Coriolis force then deflects winds; shaping global circulation. Local factors (topography; temperature) add complexity.

The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and hosts the ozone layer. It’s crucial for filtering UV radiation. Commercial jets often cruise near its lower boundary.

Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876. Early prototypes converted sound into electrical signals and back. The invention transformed communication globally.

In 1897; Ronald Ross showed mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites. His work established vector-borne disease principles. He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Fleming observed penicillin’s antibacterial effects in 1928. Florey and Chain later purified and mass-produced it. Penicillin opened the antibiotic era in medicine.

Water falling converts gravitational potential into kinetic energy. Hydropower captures this kinetic energy to generate electricity. Dam head and flow determine output.

A picosecond is one trillionth of a second (10⁻¹² s). Such scales matter in ultrafast lasers and semiconductor physics. Time resolutions at this level probe molecular dynamics.

Acid rain deposits acidic compounds that leach nutrients and mobilize metals in soil. It stems from SO₂ and NOₓ emissions. Long-term exposure degrades soil health and ecosystems.

Wind; solar; and hydropower are renewable. Nonrenewables include coal; oil; gas; and uranium (nuclear fuel). The item tests recognition of the renewable triad.

Blockchains record transactions in decentralized ledgers; core to cryptocurrencies. They ensure immutability via consensus mechanisms. Beyond crypto; they support supply chains and smart contracts.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores firmware that typically persists unchanged. RAM is volatile and clears on power-off. Variants like EEPROM allow limited rewrites.

Browser cache stores copies of web resources locally for faster reloads. Cookies store session data and preferences; not performance. EXE denotes an executable program file.

Languages like C++; COBOL; and Java are high-level software abstractions. They compile/interpret down to machine code. Hardware and firmware operate at lower layers.

An IP address uniquely identifies a host on a network. DNS maps human-friendly names to IPs. HTML is a markup language; not an identifier.

The “View” tab provides Slide Sorter to manage slide order. It shows thumbnails for quick rearrangement. Other key views include Normal and Reading.

Total pump-minutes = 12×20 = 240. With 10 pumps working; time = 240/10 = 24 minutes. Rate is proportional to number of pumps under equal efficiency.

Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours → 15° per hour. This underpins time zones (1 hour per 15° longitude). Sidereal vs solar day distinctions are minor here.

Two weeks = 12 working days; daily pay = 7500/12 = 625. For 2 days

The key selects 12; typical setup

tan(θ) = opposite/adjacent = height/shadow = 1/√3. Thus θ = 30°. Complementary case (√3

Relative speed = (62+40) km/h = 102 km/h = 28.333… m/s. Distance in 18 s = 28.333…×18 = 510 m. Other train = 510 − 260 = 250 m.

Unit price ≈ 1517.25/357 ≈ 4.25. 49 dozen = 588 mangoes; cost ≈ 588×4.25 ≈ Rs. 2499. ≈ Rs. 2500.

The key says −1; standard manipulation

Road areas

As promises are fulfilled; laws are enforced. “Confession

“Retaliation” means returning an injury—revenge. “Pardon” and “condonation” imply forgiveness. Vocabulary items hinge on semantic polarity.

Madness relates to the brain; paralysis relates to the nerves. The pair maps condition to primary system affected. It’s a cause-site association.

“Embellish” = decorate/add details; “simplify” removes elaboration. “Adorn” and “furnish” are near-synonyms; not antonyms. Antonym tests sense reversal.

“Are playing” is present continuous (be + V-ing). It denotes current; ongoing action. Present indefinite would be “They play.”

Fixed proverb uses the subjunctive “were.” It signals a contrary-to-fact condition. Idiomatic forms are tested frequently.

The idiom is “to fly in the face of” (to defy or oppose). Other variants are unidiomatic. Mastery of fixed expressions is essential.

“Mother-in-law” is a compound noun with hyphens. Apostrophes indicate possession or contractions; not compounds. No exclamation is present.

“Well;” used at the start; functions as an interjection (discourse marker). It signals hesitation or transition. As an adverb; “well” would modify verbs (e.g.; “sing well”).

“None of you has …” treats “none” as singular in formal usage. Plural “have” appears informally; exams favor singular agreement here. Maintain subject-verb concord.

“Five” modifies “fingers;” so it’s a numeral adjective (determiner). As a noun; “a five” could mean the number itself; which isn’t the use here. Part-of-speech depends on function.

The exclamation mark expresses strong feeling. Semicolon and colon join clauses or introduce lists; not emotional emphasis. Punctuation signals tone and structure.

The phrasal verb is “bring about” (to cause). “Bring in” means introduce; “bring round” means persuade or revive. Context demands causation.

“Exposition of a subject” is the idiomatic collocation for systematic explanation. “Clarity” would need a different structure (clarity in/of explaining). “Picturization” is not standard academic usage.

Illative conjunctions (therefore; hence; so) introduce conclusions. Cumulative (and; moreover) adds information; correlative (either…or) pairs elements. The term tests grammar taxonomy.