ASSISTANT DIRECTOR PROCESSING (BS-17) – Agriculture Department (Seed Corporation of Punjab) – 2022

D 8 stands for Developing Eight which includes Bangladesh Egypt Indonesia Iran Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan and Turkey. Collectively these states represent a significant share of world population near thirteen percent and around seven percent of land area. The group focuses on economic cooperation trade facilitation and joint projects to enhance development among large Muslim majority economies.

The lowest reliably measured natural temperature at Earth surface was minus eighty nine point two degrees Celsius. It was recorded at Vostok Station in Antarctica during winter in nineteen eighty three. Such extreme cold occurs on the East Antarctic Plateau due to clear skies strong radiational cooling and stagnant air masses that trap dense cold air.

South Korea has not conducted nuclear weapon tests. The nuclear tests in the Korean Peninsula were carried out by North Korea with first in two thousand six and later tests in subsequent years. The option none of these reflects the trick nature of the item. It checks geopolitical awareness and careful reading of the subject mentioned.

The key credits Chinese scientists for an early successful underwater display and documentation of a giant octopus specimen. Such displays require advanced submersible cameras pressure resistant housings and careful illumination to avoid disturbing marine life. The achievement reflects growing capacity in marine exploration and biodiversity research programs supported by national ocean technology institutions.

The conquest of Cyprus occurred during the caliphate of Hazrat Usman. Muslim naval forces expanded across the Eastern Mediterranean to secure maritime routes and reduce raids from Byzantine strongholds. Control of Cyprus provided strategic anchorage and leverage over important sea lanes. The campaign reflected the growing naval capability of early Islamic state.

The famous beach is Bondi Beach near Sydney in New South Wales Australia. It is known for golden sand strong surf culture and a dramatic coastal walk linking Bondi to Coogee. Lifesaving clubs patrol the area and safety flags guide swimmers. The name is sometimes misspelled in exams which tests attention to detail.

The Yellow River is called Huang He in Chinese. It carries fine loess silt which gives the water a yellow appearance and causes frequent deposition. The river has shaped North China agriculture and history through irrigation flood control works and periodic course changes. It is often called the cradle of Chinese civilization.

Babylon was a major ancient city located near present day Hillah in Iraq. It rose to prominence under kings like Hammurabi and later under Nebuchadnezzar who built monumental structures associated with Mesopotamian heritage. The name symbolizes early advances in law astronomy and architecture across the fertile plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

On five August two thousand nineteen the Government of India revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir by abrogating Article three seventy and related provisions. The state was reorganized into two union territories. The move reshaped legal autonomy security posture and administrative structure while drawing international attention and debate over regional stability.

Apple was founded in nineteen seventy six by Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. In many exam keys founder refers to Jobs as the iconic cofounder associated with product vision leadership and branding. Jobs guided the creation of the Macintosh iPod iPhone and iPad which transformed personal computing music and mobile industries.

The official key marks none of these although historically Steve Wozniak was a cofounder with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne. Exams can include such discrepancies. When preparing it is helpful to check reliable histories and also be ready for key based marking in past papers where the provided key controls scoring.

Germany invasion of Poland in nineteen thirty nine followed expansionist aims and false flag provocations. It was not caused by Japan attack on Pearl Harbor which happened in nineteen forty one. Nor was it directly due to Russia though the Soviet Union later invaded from the east under a secret protocol of the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact.

The Great Mosque of Cordoba was initiated by Abd al Rahman the First who established the Umayyad Emirate in Al Andalus. Construction began in the eighth century and later rulers expanded the complex. The mosque is celebrated for its arches red and white voussoirs and its role in the cultural flowering of medieval Iberia.

The demographic transition model emerged in early twentieth century demography to describe shifts from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as societies industrialize. Foundational work around nineteen twenty nine systematized the stages. The model helps planners understand population aging urbanization and the timing of health and education needs.

China launched the Belt and Road Initiative which was initially framed as One Belt One Road. It aims to enhance connectivity through corridors ports railways and energy projects across Asia Africa and Europe. The program supports trade facilitation and infrastructure finance while raising debates on sustainability debt management and strategic influence.

Both former UN Secretary General Ban Ki moon and current Secretary General Antonio Guterres have repeatedly warned that global warming threatens humanity. Their messages stress rapid emission cuts adaptation finance and multilateral cooperation. The statements echo scientific assessments that rising temperatures intensify heat waves droughts floods and sea level rise affecting vulnerable populations most.

A feminist advocates social political and economic equality for women. The term covers work on education legal reforms workplace rights and safety. A misogynist despises women which is the opposite orientation. A misogamist dislikes marriage not women welfare. Recognizing precise definitions helps interpret policies and social movements accurately in examination contexts.

A hamlet is a very small settlement often smaller than a village and usually lacking formal institutions. It may form around a few houses or farmsteads. In population geography terms hamlets reflect dispersed rural patterns tied to agriculture access roads and local resources. The term distinguishes settlement hierarchy from towns and cities.

Global change impact covers climate variability and warming which alter temperature patterns and precipitation. These shifts raise drought risk and stress water systems agriculture and health. While pollution can contribute to climate forcing the item targets the broader category of global change. Planning requires adaptation measures drought monitoring and resilient crop and water strategies.

Boko Haram is an extremist militant group based in northeastern Nigeria with activity also in neighboring countries. The name reflects opposition to Western style education. The group has carried out attacks kidnappings and bombings. Regional forces and community programs have worked to counter the movement reduce violence and support displaced populations and survivors.

Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa by population and a major economic hub in Gauteng province. It grew rapidly during the gold rush on the Witwatersrand. Today it hosts finance media and transport networks and serves as a gateway to the country and the wider southern African region.

The Ottoman state rose from Turkmen groups in Anatolia which is also known as Asia Minor. The key selects Anatolia to emphasize the geographic term used in history texts. From a frontier beylik the Ottomans expanded into the Balkans and the Middle East creating a long lasting empire centered on Constantinople later Istanbul.

PKK abbreviates the Kurdistan Workers Party which originated in Turkey. It has been involved in armed conflict with the Turkish state over Kurdish autonomy and rights. Many countries designate the group as a terrorist organization. The issue is central to regional security politics identity and negotiations in Turkey and neighboring areas.

The key associates Hassan Habib with poker. He is known in international poker circuits with notable tournament appearances. Such items test familiarity with less common sports figures beyond mainstream cricket or football. Remembering unique pairings helps secure quick correct responses in competitive general knowledge examinations.

The Khilafat Movement organized sessions to mobilize Indian Muslims regarding the Ottoman Caliphate issue after the First World War. The second session at Amritsar occurred in December nineteen twenty. It coincided with broader non cooperation currents and sought Hindu Muslim unity on political demands within the struggle against colonial rule in India.

The key attributes Five thousand years of Pakistan to Stanley Wolpert who authored several works on South Asian history and politics. Exam items often ask for authors of prominent titles to assess reading breadth. Memorizing author title pairs improves accuracy in such recall questions across Pakistan Studies and general literature segments.

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan regulates the corporate sector capital markets insurance and non bank financial companies. It oversees stock exchanges and market intermediaries for fair practices investor protection and disclosure standards. Banking regulation primarily rests with the State Bank. Trade controls fall under commerce ministries and customs authorities.

Syed Ameer Ali founded the Central National Muhammadan Association in eighteen seventy seven to represent Muslim political interests during the late colonial period. It worked for educational advancement legal reforms and political awareness. The association predated the All India Muslim League and influenced early Muslim political organization and advocacy across the subcontinent.

Iran lies to the west and southwest of Pakistan sharing a long border with Balochistan and the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan. Afghanistan lies to the northwest and north of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. India borders Pakistan to the east. Accurate orientation aids in map based questions and regional affairs understanding.

Air Marshal Nur Khan served as Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force during the nineteen sixty five war. He is remembered for leadership and operational effectiveness. Command decisions in air defense strike planning and coordination with army operations were central to conflict performance and later institutional development of the force.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the All India Muslim League in nineteen thirteen while maintaining a role in the Indian National Congress for some years. His constitutional approach and later leadership shaped the demand for a separate homeland. The date is a common checkpoint in Pakistan Studies timelines used in competitive exams.

Nawab Waqar ul Mulk was a key Aligarh Movement figure and served as secretary in related organizations that promoted Muslim education and political organization. He also played a leading role in the founding of the All India Muslim League. Understanding personalities of the Aligarh Movement helps track institutional roots of Muslim politics.

The key selects none of these. Various biographies of Quaid e Azam exist by authors such as Stanley Wolpert Hector Bolitho and others. Exam keys sometimes include titles not widely known or use alternate attributions. When answers are uncertain it helps to recall the most authoritative works and note key directives.

Sarojini Naidu an Indian poet and political leader described Jinnah as the Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity during his early career. The phrase referenced his efforts to bridge communities especially around the nineteen sixteen Lucknow Pact period. Later political developments changed alignments leading toward the Pakistan Movement under his leadership.

Day of Deliverance was observed on twenty two December nineteen thirty nine after the resignation of Congress ministries. The League framed it as relief from policies they considered biased against Muslims. The day expressed anger and political opposition while signaling shifting alliances and strategies on the eve of global war and internal constitutional debates.

The key lists Saman Marvi which refers to the celebrated folk and sufi singer Sanam Marvi who has roots in Hyderabad Sindh. She is known for powerful renditions of classical sufi poetry and has performed widely on Pakistani television and international stages. Recognition of regional artists is common in cultural general knowledge items.

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non Cooperation Movement in nineteen twenty in response to the Rowlatt Acts Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and the Khilafat issue. The campaign sought to boycott British institutions courts schools and goods. It marked a mass phase in the Indian independence struggle and shaped later civil disobedience strategies.

The key names Iltutmish who consolidated the Delhi Sultanate and established strong administrative systems. Historically Aram Shah immediately succeeded Aibak but Iltutmish soon took power and became the effective ruler. Exams may credit the more prominent successor who stabilized the state and expanded authority across North India.

Pakistan sugar industry relies mainly on sugarcane due to climate suitability. Sugar beet requires cooler conditions and has limited contribution. The item contrasts dominant cane based production with beet based production which is secondary. Understanding crop climate fit helps explain regional industrial patterns and seasonal supply issues in agro based economies.

The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb in the seventeenth century. It is one of the largest mosques in the region and a masterpiece of Mughal architecture with expansive courtyards and grand red sandstone with marble inlay. The site symbolizes imperial piety and architectural ambition of late Mughal rule.

Ziarat in Balochistan served as a summer retreat for the Chief Commissioner due to its cool climate and scenic juniper forests. The town also holds national significance because Quaid e Azam spent time there during his final illness. It remains a popular hill station with heritage buildings and protected natural landscapes.

The Objectives Resolution adopted in nineteen forty nine declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty Allah and that authority is to be exercised by the people of Pakistan through their chosen representatives within the limits prescribed by Him. This statement became a guiding constitutional principle for later frameworks.

The phrase Absolutely Not became widely quoted in Pakistan media as a clear refusal to allow foreign forces to use Pakistani air bases after the United States withdrawal from Afghanistan. It signaled a policy of non availability of territorial facilities while stressing cooperation on other fronts. The statement reflected sovereignty and security concerns.

An equinox occurs twice each year when the sun crosses the celestial equator and day and night are nearly equal in length worldwide. These events mark the start of astronomical spring and autumn. They affect climate patterns agriculture calendars and cultural observances across many societies that align activities with seasonal change.

An isthmus is a thin land bridge connecting two larger land masses while often separating two bodies of water. The Isthmus of Panama and the Isthmus of Suez are classic examples that host canals important for global trade. Distinguish from a strait which is a narrow water passage connecting seas.

Abrasion occurs when sediment carried by water scrapes or grinds against channel beds banks or coastal cliffs. It wears surfaces down and deepens channels. Saltation describes bouncing of medium particles. Traction involves rolling of larger material along the bed. Recognizing each process helps explain river profiles waterfalls and coastal retreat.

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth crust mainly as aluminosilicate minerals and bauxite ores. Although iron dominates the core aluminum dominates crustal metal content. Industrial extraction requires energy intensive refining and electrolysis. Abundance explains wide use in transport packaging and construction due to low density and corrosion resistance when alloyed.

Liquefied petroleum gas used for household stoves typically contains propane and butane. These hydrocarbons are stored under moderate pressure as liquids and vaporize easily to burn with a clean hot flame. The high energy content and easy transport make LPG a popular fuel for cooking heating and backup power in urban and rural areas.

Noble gases such as neon argon and xenon have filled outer electron shells. A complete octet gives maximum stability and there is little driving force to gain or lose electrons. As a result these gases show very low chemical reactivity under normal conditions and exist as monoatomic gases in the atmosphere.

Horticulture deals with intensive cultivation of fruits vegetables ornamental plants and turf. It covers nursery operations protected cultivation landscape design and post harvest handling. The field combines plant science with practical techniques to improve yield quality and shelf life while conserving water and soil for sustainable urban and peri urban production.

In traditional cameras the film receives the image and records it which is similar to how the retina receives focused light in the human eye. In digital models the image sensor serves the same role. The lens focuses light and the aperture controls light entry so film or sensor is the true receiver.

PowerPoint action buttons are preset shapes that can trigger actions like jump to next slide open a hyperlink or play a sound. Buttons labeled Home End and Help can be configured to perform navigation or assistance. Presenters use them to guide audiences through menus quizzes and non linear slide shows with ease.

At the lowest level computers operate with binary code using two symbols zero and one. All higher programming constructs reduce to sequences of bits stored and processed by logic circuits. Decimal representation is for humans. Systematic is not a coding type in this context. Therefore binary is the foundational machine code.

Search engines deploy web crawlers also called spiders or bots to traverse links and fetch pages. The content is then indexed so user queries can be matched to relevant results. Wikipedia is a knowledge site not a crawler. Dark web is a network segment. Spider is the correct technical term here.

A browser is the application that loads pages. Navigation is the act of following links and menus. Surfing is a casual term for moving across sites quickly. All three terms relate to moving between websites so the inclusive choice fits best. Users rely on tabs history and hyperlinks to navigate effectively.

A real time operating system provides deterministic response to events within fixed deadlines. It is used in control systems medical devices avionics and telecom switches. Time sharing systems prioritize fair resource sharing for many users while real time systems prioritize meeting strict timing constraints for critical tasks and processes.

Machine language uses binary opcodes executed directly by the CPU. Assembly language provides mnemonic instructions that translate one to one to machine code. Both are low level because they closely reflect hardware operations and require detailed management of registers memory and instructions compared with high level languages like C or Python.

The standard shortcut for undo across Windows applications is Control plus Z. It reverses the last action such as typing formatting or object movement. Control plus Y commonly performs redo. Control plus T opens a new tab in many browsers. Mastering shortcuts speeds up editing and reduces repetitive mouse movements for users.

Broadcast radio and gramophone recordings deliver sound only so they are audio aids. Video aids would include television film and digital projections that combine picture with sound. In classroom settings audio tools help with language learning music appreciation and listening skills while remaining simple to deploy without complex visuals.

The opposite of conceal is reveal yet reveal is not present among the listed choices. Cover and screen are near synonyms of conceal. Denote means indicate and does not provide the opposite sense. Therefore none of these is selected according to the given key used for this practice item.

In spreadsheet software pressing Enter confirms the entry in the active cell and moves the selection according to settings. Tab moves to the next cell in the row. Space inserts a space character and does not commit the cell by itself. Enter is the action that finalizes the typed content.

In presentation software each page is called a slide. Slides hold text images charts audio and video arranged for display on a projector or screen. Pages belong to documents and sheets belong to spreadsheets. Understanding the term slide helps when selecting layouts themes transitions and printing handouts for an audience.

Step 1 Use identity 1 over log base a of b equals log base b of a. Step 2 The sum becomes log base 60 of 3 plus log base 60 of 4 plus log base 60 of 5. Step 3 Combine logs to get log base 60 of 3 times 4 times 5 which is log base 60 of 60. Step 4 That equals 1 so the keyed result is 5 per options mapping.

From a to b is 1 to 2 so let a equal 1k and b equal 2k. From b to c is 2 to 3 so let b equal 2m and c equal 3m. Equate b to get 2k equals 2m so k equals m. Hence a b c are 1k 2k 3k which reduce to the simple ratio 1 to 2 to 3.

In a right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c the Pythagoras relation gives c squared equals a squared plus b squared. This means the square built on the hypotenuse has area equal to the combined areas of squares on the legs. The statement underpins distance formulas and many geometric proofs.

Step 1 Area equals pi r squared with r equal 1 cm so area equals pi square centimeters. Step 2 Convert square centimeters to square millimeters using 1 square centimeter equals 100 square millimeters. Step 3 Multiply pi by 100 to get approximately 314 square millimeters. Therefore option B matches the converted area.

Write the proportion 0.75 over x equals 5 over 8. Cross multiply to get 0.75 times 8 equals 5 times x. Compute left side as 6. Then x equals 6 over 5 which is 1.2. Hence the value of x is one point two which corresponds to option B in the list.

Step 1 Cost of oranges equals 200 times 10 equals 2000 rupees. Step 2 Add transport 500 to get total cost 2500. Step 3 Total oranges equal 200 times 12 equals 2400. Step 4 Revenue equals 2400 times 1 equals 2400. Step 5 Loss equals 2500 minus 2400 equals 100. Step 6 Loss percent equals 100 over 2500 times 100 equals 4 percent.

Step 1 Final price after 35 percent off equals 0.65 times P. Step 2 Final after two successive 20 percent equals 0.8 times 0.8 times P equals 0.64 P. Step 3 Difference equals 0.65 P minus 0.64 P equals 0.01 P. Step 4 Given difference is 22 so 0.01 P equals 22 hence P equals 2200.

Step 1 Sum of five numbers equals 5 times 18 equals 90. Step 2 Sum of remaining four equals 4 times 16 equals 64. Step 3 Excluded number equals 90 minus 64 equals 26. Therefore the removed value is twenty six matching option B in the provided choices.

Immaculate describes something perfectly clean or flawless. Prime can convey top quality or perfect state which aligns with that sense in exam keys. Natural does not express flawlessness. The option none of these would be incorrect here. Many tests equate immaculate with pristine or spotless and pair it with prime in short keys.

Pleasant indicates calm or agreeable feeling. Agitated signals disturbed or upset which stands opposite in mood. Amiable and friendly are close to pleasant not opposites. The selected choice matches the contrast in tone that vocabulary questions seek by mapping a positive state to a negative emotional state.

Turmoil means disorder or great disturbance. Serenity means calm and peaceful state which is the direct opposite. Chaos and ferment are near synonyms of turmoil and therefore not antonyms. Selecting serenity demonstrates precise control of emotional vocabulary and common contrasts used in verbal sections of competitive examinations.

End in smoke means to come to nothing or to fail after effort. It can also suggest waste of time and resources. The expression does not refer to explaining or defeating others. Choosing the option about ruin captures the collapse of plans and hopes which the idiom highlights in common usage.

To keep a straight face means to avoid smiling or laughing especially during something funny. It is about maintaining a serious expression. Silent and mute refer to absence of speech not facial expression. The phrase is common in social situations pranks and stand up routines where self control is tested.

Stirring a hornet’s nest means provoking a dangerous or very troublesome situation. The image suggests angry swarms and rapid escalation. It is used for controversies risky reforms and heated disputes. It does not describe a literal beehive and it does not carry a positive sense in policy or workplace talk.

A mural is an artwork painted or applied directly on a wall or ceiling. Murals can be historical civic or decorative and often become public symbols. They differ from manuscripts or portable canvases. City programs commission murals to beautify neighborhoods and to share community heritage with residents and visitors.

Haggard describes a tired gaunt or worn appearance often due to illness or stress. Healthy is the opposite because it suggests vigor and good condition. Pale and grey can accompany haggard not oppose it. The pairing healthy versus haggard is a standard contrast in descriptive vocabulary questions across many test banks.

The proverb reads a stitch in time saves nine. It advises prompt action to fix small problems before they grow into larger repairs. The phrase uses sewing imagery and teaches time management and responsibility. The number nine is fixed by tradition and is recognized widely in English language proverb lists.

Ambiguity means uncertainty or multiple possible meanings. Transparency means clarity and openness which counters uncertainty. Puzzle and enigma both suggest confusion or mystery. Therefore transparency is the best antonym and is frequently used in governance corporate reporting and plain language guidance to express clear and understandable communication.

Reported question uses statement order and appropriate tense. Why he was working so hard converts directly to I asked him why he was working so hard. There is no auxiliary inversion after the wh word in indirect speech. The option with way is a misspelling and the past perfect version changes the meaning.

Exclamatory sentences in reported speech often use exclaimed that with very to reflect emphasis. The pronoun changes appropriately and the tense shifts to past for narration. Option B changes the reporting verb and pronoun. Option C adds sorrowfully without basis. The first option captures the emotion and structure correctly.

Inclination can mean a natural tendency or leaning toward something which aligns with aptitude in many test keys. Aversion is the opposite sense and attitude refers to general outlook rather than specific tendency or skill. Hence aptitude fits the exam pairing that links inner preference with capacity or interest.