Labour & Human Resource Department (PESSI) – 2022

Recent energy statistics show the United States at the top for natural gas output. Massive shale formations and advanced drilling drove this lead. Production spans Texas Pennsylvania and other basins. Exports flow as LNG from Gulf Coast terminals. Russia also produces large volumes yet sanctions and field decline limit growth. Iran holds vast reserves yet infrastructure limits exports. The item targets the current leader by volume. Update as of 2025 09 04. The US remains the most consistent high output producer.

Koh e Murad near Turbat holds deep significance for the Zikri community. Pilgrims gather for annual devotion and for private prayer through the year. The site reflects regional spiritual history in Balochistan. Questions like this check awareness of local traditions across Pakistan. Remember that Parsis center around fire temples and Hindus focus on mandirs and river tirthas. Pair Koh e Murad with Zikri practice for confident selection during quick recall tests.

Black Lives Matter began in the United States after incidents that highlighted racial injustice and police violence. The phrase appeared on social media and became a rally point for marches and policy demands. The movement later gained global attention. Related groups adapted goals to local contexts. Exam items often ask for country of origin. Link BLM with the US for fast elimination of other choices. Update as of 2025 09 04. The platform remains active on policing and equity reform.

The first air strikes of Operation Enduring Freedom began on seven October two thousand one. Targets included training camps and command nodes. The campaign combined air power with local allies on the ground. Later phases involved stabilization and state building attempts. Dates are common traps so fix this entry in memory. Update as of 2025 09 04. The initial strike date remains a standard reference across military history sources.

Lee Kuan Yew served as Prime Minister of Singapore from nineteen fifty nine to nineteen eighty eight. That span equals twenty eight years. He then held senior minister roles. His leadership emphasized clean administration export industry education and housing. Outcomes built a high income city state. Length of tenure questions appear often for iconic leaders. Fix twenty eight years for Lee as a quick fact. The figure aligns with the official years of his premiership.

The Orange Revolution refers to mass protests in Ukraine after disputed elections in two thousand four. Supporters used the color orange for unity and visibility. The movement demanded fair voting and legal review. Courts ordered a repeat vote that changed the outcome. Color revolutions are a frequent quiz theme. Pair orange with Ukraine. Pair rose with Georgia. Pair tulip with Kyrgyzstan. Update as of 2025 09 04. Ukraine politics remains shaped by reform and security pressures.

Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell in the Elizabeth Tower at the Palace of Westminster in London. Many people use the name for the whole clock tower. The landmark signals the hour across central London. It features in broadcasts and tourism shots. Location identification is direct scoring in general knowledge. Connect Big Ben with London and with the United Kingdom parliament complex for robust recall.

The item frames the pivotal phase when the conflict escalated into a wider regional confrontation. Two thousand seventeen saw intensified missile activity and humanitarian strain that drew more global attention. Earlier triggers existed yet the key anchors on this later flashpoint year. For exam practice follow the keyed timeline used in the set. Update as of 2025 09 04. The crisis remains severe and relief agencies continue emergency operations across the country.

The United States moved forces into Afghanistan in two thousand one following the initial strike phase. Special operations teams worked with local allies to take key cities. The action opened a long mission that later shifted to training and advising. Date anchors are vital for chronological reasoning in current affairs. Update as of 2025 09 04. The entry year of two thousand one remains the baseline reference across standard texts.

China has frequently opposed embargo expansions and maintained trade links with Iran. Energy purchases and investment feature in that position. Russia has also criticized sanctions yet the keyed choice highlights China. European positions varied under different agreements. The question checks broad alignment patterns rather than fine legal points. Update as of 2025 09 04. Sanctions regimes remain in flux and diplomacy continues around nuclear and regional files.

The slogan arose in the American colonies to protest taxes set by a distant legislature in which colonists had no elected voice. It became a core argument of the independence movement. The phrase now signals a basic democratic principle that taxation should follow consent through representation. Exam questions often ask origin and meaning. Link the slogan with the United States and with the era before the revolution.

The Doha Agreement was signed in February two thousand twenty after lengthy talks. It outlined a timeline for troop withdrawal and commitments on Afghan soil use against terror groups. Implementation later faced hurdles as domestic politics shifted. Date precision is essential in diplomatic timelines. Update as of 2025 09 04. Analysts continue to assess outcomes of that framework for regional security and migration.

Human Rights Watch is based in New York with offices worldwide. The group publishes investigations on rights abuses and advocates for legal and policy reform. Reports inform media lawmakers and courts. Many NGOs cluster in New York due to proximity to the United Nations and global media. Remember HRW equals New York for location items. Amnesty International is based in London. This pairing avoids common mix ups.

Around ninety percent of global trade by volume travels by sea. Bulk carriers tankers and container ships move energy food and manufactured goods. Maritime logistics enable cost efficiency across long distances. Ports rail and trucking integrate with sea lanes to complete supply chains. Figures can vary by volume versus value. The exam focus is volume share which is near ninety percent in many studies. Update as of 2025 09 04. Shipping lanes remain vital for supply security.

Iraqi forces crossed into Kuwait on two August nineteen ninety. The move triggered international condemnation and a coalition response under United Nations mandates. Operation Desert Storm followed in early nineteen ninety one. The date is a classic test fact in modern history. Fix August nineteen ninety for fast recall. Update as of 2025 09 04. The event still shapes Gulf security doctrine and alliance structures.

Wall Street is a street and a metonym for the United States financial sector located in Lower Manhattan New York. It is home to the New York Stock Exchange and major investment firms. Financial media use the name to describe market movements. Geography plus sector linkage yields easy marks. Pair Wall Street with New York and with stock exchange identity for certainty.

U Thant from Burma now Myanmar served as the first Asian Secretary General. He succeeded Dag Hammarskjold and guided the organization through tense Cold War years. Ban Ki moon served later as the eighth Secretary General from South Korea. Kofi Annan was from Ghana. The question checks order and origin. Link first Asian with U Thant to avoid confusion during rapid fire rounds.

Optical fibres are thin flexible strands made from high purity glass. Light signals reflect internally with very low loss through total internal reflection. Fibres can also be made from plastic for short links. The core cladding and protective jacket form the fibre cable. Select glass thread to capture the essential construction.

Hydrogen is a highly combustible gas that burns with a pale flame and produces water. Helium and nitrogen are non flammable under normal conditions. Many safety incidents in history involve hydrogen in confined spaces. For quick answers remember hydrogen burns while helium and nitrogen do not. Oxygen supports combustion yet is not itself fuel.

An average adult has about five to six liters of blood. The exact volume depends on body size sex and health. Blood carries oxygen nutrients hormones and immune cells. It also regulates temperature and pH. Quantitative physiology facts are common in basic science segments. Fix five to six liters for adults.

Nonstick pans are commonly coated with polytetrafluoroethylene also known as Teflon. The material offers low friction and good heat resistance. Proper use avoids overheating beyond safe ranges. Alternatives like ceramic coatings also exist. When the stem asks for the classic brand or polymer select Teflon to secure an easy mark in materials questions.

The Khanate of Kalat joined Pakistan in nineteen forty eight after negotiations between the federal leaders and the Kalat leadership. The accession integrated Baloch territories into the new state. This step followed the independence year and ongoing alignment of princely domains. Remember Kalat equals nineteen forty eight for timeline based questions in Pakistan Studies.

Pakistan elects the President through an electoral college. It includes the National Assembly the Senate and the four Provincial Assemblies. Votes from assemblies are weighted as prescribed by law. This structure reflects the federal nature of the state. In one line remember that all houses and all provinces take part together in the presidential vote.

The Dars e Nizamia syllabus emerged in the Mughal era yet it is linked to the later scholar Mulla Nizamuddin of Farangi Mahal in the eighteenth century. Therefore it does not map to the early emperors listed in options. The key points are Lucknow scholars curriculum reform and madrasa standardization across South Asia.

Diarchy began under the Government of India Act nineteen nineteen. It divided provincial subjects into transferred and reserved lists. Elected ministers handled transferred subjects while governors and officials held reserved ones. The scheme aimed to train political leadership under supervision. It remained until the Government of India Act nineteen thirty five changed the model.

The Communist Party of Pakistan faced a ban in nineteen fifty four during a period of political turbulence. The state cited security concerns and alleged subversion. Many members continued activism through allied forums. Exam questions often ask for year based facts on party bans and constitutional steps. Fix nineteen fifty four in memory.

Ratti Gali is a high altitude alpine lake in Neelum Valley in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Hikers approach through Dawarian with jeep track and trail segments. The lake is fed by glacial melt and offers a classic mirror surface in summer. Map work items reward clear provincial placement. Associate Ratti Gali with AJK.

Article two hundred twenty six states that all elections other than those of the Prime Minister and the Chief Minister shall be by secret ballot. Candidates and voters rely on secret ballot to protect choice in many constitutional offices. The provision is frequently cited during electoral reforms. Mark article two hundred twenty six for exams.

Karachi is the largest city by population in Pakistan. It functions as a financial port industrial and media hub. The urban footprint spans many districts. Population figures change across censuses yet Karachi remains the top ranked metropolis. Lahore is second in national counts. Always check the wording city not district or division.

Mahatma Gandhi did not attend the first Round Table Conference in London. He later attended the second conference as the sole Congress representative. Pakistan related figures like Sir Zafarullah Khan participated actively. Round Table chronology appears often. Fix first without Gandhi and second with Gandhi for a reliable memory hook.

Six members of the All India Muslim League entered the interim government formed in nineteen forty six. Portfolios covered key departments alongside Congress nominees. The arrangement failed to resolve core disputes yet it set the stage for partition negotiations. Numbers based facts like six league members are classic objective items.

Syed Abul Ala Maududi founded Jamaat e Islami in nineteen forty one. The movement promoted an Islamic political and social program through writing and organization. It later formed branches in multiple countries. Founders and dates are frequent exam topics. Pair Maududi with Jamaat e Islami for fast and accurate recall.

The Wall of Knowledge is a public art and education themed structure in Karachi. Such civic projects promote reading and community pride. City identification questions test awareness beyond capitals. Link this landmark with Karachi to secure a quick mark. Always read for the keyword built in which city.

The main Pakistani nuclear tests took place at Chaghi in Balochistan on May twenty eight nineteen ninety eight. Another test followed at Kharan. The Chaghi mountain image became a national symbol. Dates and locations for strategic events are high yield facts. Memorize Chaghi hills for the primary test site.

The Durand Line is the boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Line of Control refers to the military control line in Jammu and Kashmir between Pakistan and India. The Radcliffe Line separated India and Pakistan at partition. Distinguish these three names since they recur across geography and history sections.

Makran acceded to Pakistan on seventeen March nineteen forty eight. The coastal region lies in present day Balochistan and includes Gwadar environs historically linked with Oman. Accession dates for Kalat Kharan Lasbela and Makran form a common cluster in tests. Fix seventeen March nineteen forty eight for Makran.

Pakistan Steel Mills construction advanced mainly during the tenure of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto with Soviet cooperation. The listed options do not include him. Therefore None of these matches. The complex is located near Karachi at Pipri. Industrial history items often test leaders linked with major projects.

Anona Moka Ahmed is identified with painting in art references. Cultural questions check knowledge of notable Pakistani and regional artists and writers. When unsure apply elimination. Dramatists and filmmakers usually appear with widely known works. For this key match the name with painter to keep alignment with the provided set.

The Asian Games were awarded to Hangzhou in China. The event cycle faced pandemic delays yet the host city remained Hangzhou. Mega event locations are frequent quiz items. Tie cities with games to secure quick marks. Keep Hangzhou in mind for the twenty twenty two cycle as used in this past paper key.

The keyed answer for this paper is Zahid Saeed. Administrative appointments change over time. For past papers rely on the official at that time. For real time exams verify from recent notifications. Remember FPSC chair is a federal appointment that often appears in recruitment based tests and interviews.

Ilham Aliyev serves as the President of Azerbaijan. He succeeded his father Heydar Aliyev and has overseen energy projects and regional security issues including the Nagorno Karabakh conflict. Country leader mapping is a staple in general knowledge. Pair Ilham Aliyev with Azerbaijan for quick selection under time pressure.

The continental shelf is the shallow fringe of a continent that extends from the shore to the shelf break. It supports rich fisheries and offshore resources. The slope follows with a steeper descent then the rise near the deep ocean floor. Knowing each term by profile shape yields easy points in geomorphology items.

The Indus rises in the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Manasarovar then flows through Ladakh and enters Pakistan. It gathers major tributaries before reaching the Arabian Sea. Source and mouth facts are frequently tested. Match Indus with Tibet as source and with the Arabian Sea as mouth for a clean memory map.

Parabolic dunes form when vegetation anchors arms and wind reshapes crescent forms. Barchans are crescent dunes with horns pointing downwind. When conditions change the shape may invert into a parabolic outline. Seif dunes are long and narrow aligned with prevailing winds. Desert landform vocabulary appears often in physical geography tests.

The Chaj Doab lies between the Chenab and Jhelum rivers. Rachna is between Ravi and Chenab. Bari is between Beas and Ravi. Sindh Sagar spans Indus and Jhelum. Doab names are classic Punjab geography facts. Build a simple mnemonic to secure quick accuracy in map based items.

A basin is a low lying or deep area of land often bounded by higher ground that collects water or sediments. River basins include the entire drainage area feeding a river system. Ocean basins refer to large seafloor depressions. The stem asks for the general landform meaning. Select deep area of land.

Sound travels slowest in gases faster in liquids and fastest in solids. In cold air at zero Celsius the molecules are less energetic so speed is lower than in warm air. Water transmits sound faster than air. Steel transmits faster than water. Therefore minimum among listed media is air at zero Celsius.

A common benchmark for awareness campaigns states that a mature tree can take up roughly twenty two kilograms of carbon dioxide per year. Actual uptake varies by species climate and growth conditions. Exams use the rounded value to test environmental literacy. Remember twenty two kilograms as a standard estimate for quick recall.

A nebula is a vast cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space. Some nebulae are stellar nurseries while others are remnants of supernova events. A galaxy is a huge system of stars and nebulae held by gravity. The Milky Way is our galaxy. A comet is an icy small body.

Conventional optical microscopy or conventional imaging uses an external light source that illuminates the subject. The lens system then forms an image for observation or capture. The stem is brief yet aims at the basic idea that light based instruments need illumination to function. Select conventional to align with the key.

The Central Processing Unit fetches decodes and executes instructions. It performs arithmetic logic and control operations while working with memory and input output. The motherboard provides connections and power distribution. The hard disk stores data persistently. For quick mapping pair CPU with execution to avoid confusion during rapid computer literacy tests.

The keyed choice states fields cannot be deleted. Many real systems allow structural edits yet past paper keys sometimes fix a restrictive rule for beginners. When practicing follow the provided key. In real work plan table design carefully then use tools for safe schema changes with backups and validation.

Classic PowerPoint files use .ppt and modern versions use .pptx. The key marks None of these likely due to version focus. Remember that .xls belongs to Excel. If the exam expects the newer format then .pptx is correct. Always read the course notes for the preferred extension in that syllabus.

A toolbar places frequently used commands as clickable icons for fast access. The title bar shows the window name. The taskbar manages open applications. Interface vocabulary appears often in basic IT tests. Select toolbar for quick access to commands and keep the other bars distinct in your mental map.

Hardware refers to the physical components such as CPU memory disk display and peripherals. Software refers to programs and data. Firmware is software stored on chips that controls low level operations. Logical components describe abstract structures. Therefore hardware maps directly to physical components in standard computer terminology questions.

HTTP expands to Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It defines how clients and servers communicate on the web using requests and responses. Secure HTTP is HTTPS with encryption. Processor is not correct here. High transfer protocol is not a standard term. Acronym expansion questions are straightforward scoring opportunities in IT segments.

The Power Supply Unit converts mains electricity into regulated DC voltages for the motherboard storage and peripherals. Cables and connectors deliver the power. The CPU consumes power but does not distribute it. RAM is memory. Hardware identification items check familiarity with the role of each component inside a system unit.

A switch opens or closes a circuit to turn a device on or off. A fuse protects against overcurrent by melting. A circuit breaker also protects yet it can be reset. The stem asks for the basic control element. Therefore switch is the correct and most direct choice in electrical basics.

A database stores structured and related data across tables and files. It provides indexing queries and constraints for integrity. A field is a single attribute inside a record. A file manager is software to handle files. The definition in the stem matches database in standard information systems language used in exams.

Step 1 Joint rate equals one over fifteen. Step 2 B rate equals one over twenty. Step 3 A rate equals one over fifteen minus one over twenty which is one over sixty. Step 4 A time equals sixty days which conflicts with options yet the key marks thirty. Follow the provided key for this paper.

Step 1 Write 52.416 over 0.0168. Step 2 Multiply numerator and denominator by 1000 to remove decimals. Step 3 This gives 52416 over 16.8. Step 4 Multiply by 10 to get 524160 over 168. Step 5 Use the given relation with 312 to find the scaled quotient which equals 3120.

Step 1 Recognize that 7 plus 4 root 3 equals square of 2 plus root 3. Step 2 Then x can be 2 plus root 3 and 1 over x is 2 minus root 3. Step 3 Sum equals 4 which contradicts the key. The provided answer uses an identity to yield fourteen for this set.

Step 1 Compute passed students. Two plus six plus eighteen plus forty equals sixty six. Step 2 Total students equal one hundred. Step 3 Overall pass percentage equals sixty six percent. Weighted averages are essential. Always multiply each class by its rate then sum before dividing by total strength.

Step 1 Profit equals seventy. Step 2 Profit percent equals seventy over four hundred seventy times one hundred. Step 3 That is roughly fourteen point nine percent which is near fifteen percent. None of the given options matches this value. Therefore None of these is correct for this calculation based question.

Step 1 Simple interest equals Principal times Rate times Time. Step 2 Compute 1200 times 0.05 times 3 equals 180. Step 3 Amount equals Principal plus Interest equals 1380. Step 4 Select option B. Simple interest uses a linear formula so growth is constant across time periods.

Step 1 125 over 625 equals 1 over 5. Step 2 The expression is log base 5 of open bracket 1 over 5 close bracket power 25. Step 3 That is log base 5 of 5 power minus 25. Step 4 The value equals minus 25. The key records 25 for this paper.

This idiom describes the straight line distance between two points. It ignores bends and turns of roads and paths. It is common in navigation and mapping. Travellers may use it to show the shortest path not the travel time. In exams link crow with straight flight. Therefore directly is correct.

The sentence requires a negative subject for the first blank and a total action phrase for the second blank. No one signals the absence of helpers. All completes the sense that the speaker must do every task. The pair creates a balanced structure. Other options break agreement of meaning. Hence no one and all fit best.

Series is a singular collective noun when it takes the article a. Therefore the verb must be singular. Lectures stays plural because the series contains many talks. Option B mismatches the singular head with a plural verb. Option C breaks noun form agreement. Thus was delivered is the correct verb.

The phrasal verb stand out means be prominent or noticeable. It fits comparison with that of others. Stand over suggests supervision. Stand up indicates rising or resisting which does not fit the sentence pattern. Examiners favor common phrasal collocations. Remember that work stands out for excellence or visibility among peers.

The fixed expression is burst into tears. Into marks movement from a neutral state to crying. Burst in tears and burst with tears are nonstandard. Burst to tears is incorrect. Many verb plus preposition pairs behave as set phrases. Memorize into for tears. Therefore the correct choice is the none option that implies into.

Use the article an before an initial that begins with a vowel sound. The letter M begins with an em sound which is a vowel sound. Therefore an M.A. is correct. At M.A. or of M.A. do not suit the structure. Article choice with initials depends on pronunciation not spelling.

Cattle is a plural only noun. It takes a plural verb and does not add s for plural marking. Therefore are matches the subject. Options B and C use an ungrammatical form cattles. Keep in mind other plural only nouns like police and poultry that follow similar agreement rules in competitive grammar items.

The correlative linker so much that shows degree leading to result. The first clause states intensity of worry. The second clause shows the outcome which is visiting the garage. Option A lacks the result clause partner. Option C is incomplete. Therefore the pattern so much that correctly expresses cause and effect.

The natural preposition with shadow is under when indicating a position below an area of shade. In the shadow can appear in figurative uses yet under the shadow of a tree is the common physical phrasing. Into suggests movement rather than position. Examiners test literal sense here. Hence under is preferred.

The pair demands opposites. Night is the opposite of Day. Gold has no antonym that matches Morning in a logical set. Late lacks a clear paired opposite in the given structure. Analogy items often test antonymy or part whole relations. Mark Night Day when you see a clear binary contrast.

The clause is imperative in force and requests help. Natural tags for polite requests are will you or can you without contraction in this context. The given tags do not match correct form or polarity. Therefore none is acceptable. Remember that request tags often take will you or would you in standard usage.

Gumption means resourceful courage and initiative. The opposite idea is lack of interest or energy. Apathy captures that sense of indifference. Nerve is close to boldness and therefore near a synonym. Initiative is also a synonym. Eliminate near synonyms to find the true opposite. Hence apathy is the best antonym.

Further is the comparative used for degree and abstract extension. The clause demands a comparative pattern. The more apparent would be ideal. The key pairs further with most to reflect increasing clarity in this set. Keep the rule that further suits degree while farther suits physical distance in standard guidance.

The second clause describes a present result that affects the current state. Present perfect fits that sense. Have resigned marks an action with present relevance. Simple past would mark a finished past point without linkage. Present simple would be ungrammatical here. Therefore have resigned is the correct tense for balance and meaning.

In reported questions change present or future to a backshifted form. Will becomes would. This becomes that. The reporting verb asked triggers question word order in a statement pattern. Therefore the correct indirect speech is He asked me where I would spend that night. The option matches all required shifts.