Lecturer History (BS-17) – Higher Education Department Punjab – 2021

After the July 1977 coup he first served as Chief Martial Law Administrator. The presidency shifted to him the following year. He formally assumed the office in 1978. His military rule then continued through the late 1980s.

The mid eighteenth century witnessed the weak reign of Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Maratha power was rapidly rising in North India at this time. Abdali’s campaigns met serious reverses in this phase. Hence his first clear defeat is tied to Ahmad Shah Bahadur’s era.

The Battle of Chaldiran took place in 1514. Selim I’s Ottomans used field artillery and firearms decisively. Shah Ismail’s Safavid army suffered heavy losses. The outcome fixed a lasting frontier in eastern Anatolia.

On accession he adopted the regnal title “Jahangir.” His birth name was Nūr ud Dīn Muhammad Salim. He was Akbar’s son and Shah Jahan’s father. “Jahangir” literally means “Seizer of the World.”

During the first civil strife he relocated the seat of government. Kufa provided a strong support base in Iraq. Its central position aided administration and troop movements. From there he directed governance and military operations.

The 1946 provincial polls brought the Muslim League to office in Bengal. Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy took charge as Premier. His short tenure faced communal tensions and coalition issues. He later became Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Geoffrey Chaucer associated Saint Valentine with romantic love in his poetry. Courtly love traditions in late medieval England shaped the theme. Later writers spread it across Europe. Modern celebration grows from that literary root.

King Saud toured South Asia in 1955. The trip mixed ceremonial events with high level talks. It aimed to reinforce ties with key regional states. The stay in India lasted more than two weeks.

Abbasid rule began in 750 and fell at Baghdad in 1258. A later Cairo line existed without real sovereignty. The Baghdad based tenure thus spans about 509 years. This era saw major advances in learning and administration.

Chachnama is a Persian account of early Arab conquest in Sindh. It narrates local dynasties and Muhammad bin Qasim’s arrival. The text blends historical reporting with romance. It remains a key source for Sindh’s early medieval past.

Maulana Muhammad Ali was a principal voice of the Khilafat Movement. He used journalism to mobilize political support. His papers carried strong editorials on Ottoman and Indian issues. Shaukat Ali complemented him as a mass organizer.

The January 1966 accord ended the 1965 war. Soon after Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned as Foreign Minister. He criticized the settlement as a political stance. The move launched his independent path toward founding a new party.

Pakistan and India concluded the treaty in September 1960 with World Bank facilitation. The three eastern rivers were allocated to India. The three western rivers remained for Pakistan under regulated use. It endures as a long running water pact.

The Hindu Shahi kingdom in Kabul and Gandhara faced his first drives. These operations secured frontier forts and trade routes. Success opened access to the Punjab. Later raids pressed deeper into North India.

Before the federal city on the Potomac the seat rotated among towns. New York served as the first capital in 1789. George Washington took his oath there. The capital then moved to Philadelphia and later to Washington DC.

After World War I the League set its secretariat in Geneva. The city’s neutrality and transport links were attractive. Many early international agencies clustered there. The UN later maintained a major Geneva presence.

The Treaty of Lahore followed the First Anglo Sikh War. It imposed harsh terms on the Sikh state. Subsequent conflict led to full annexation after the Second Anglo Sikh War. Karachi operations formed part of the wider campaign.

Lahore hosted the second Islamic Summit in 1974. Heads of many Muslim states attended. The agenda covered unity oil power and Palestine. It marked a high point in Pakistan Arab relations.

Soviet airborne units entered Kabul on 24 December 1979. A regime change followed within days. A long insurgency then spread across the provinces. The war reshaped regional politics and global alignments.

The Ottoman beylik rose on the northwestern edge of Anatolia. Early bases were near Söğüt and Bursa. From this frontier zone they crossed the straits into Europe. The realm eventually bridged Asia and Europe.

Amir Khusro; the famed Indo-Persian poet and court chronicler; celebrated Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji’s early victories. His panegyric verses often doubled as historical notices of the Delhi court. “Miftah-ul-Futuh” records campaigns and royal virtues in a stylized idiom. It sits among Khusro’s works that fuse literature with political history.

The fatal attack occurred in Ramadan within the mosque of Kufa. Injuries from a poisoned blade led to his passing soon after. Classical Muslim chronicles converge on the year 661 CE for the event. His resting place is revered at Najaf.

Kushan rulers; especially Kanishka; issued abundant high-purity gold dinars. The coin designs mixed Greek legends with a wide pantheon; reflecting cosmopolitan trade routes. Gold supply came via Central Asian exchanges and Indian bullion flows. Their numismatic series is a key tool for dating the era.

Al-Afghani championed pan-Islamic solidarity to resist Western imperial domination. He urged scientific education and political awakening across Muslim societies. His travels—from Kabul and Istanbul to Cairo and Tehran—spread reformist ideas. Later anti-colonial thinkers drew on his critique of European power.

Abdulaziz Ibn Saud unified Najd and the Hijaz in the early 20th century. With control of the holy cities; he proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia soon after consolidation. Centralized institutions gradually replaced tribal arrangements. Subsequent oil discoveries transformed the state’s economy and diplomacy.

“Byzantine” is the modern label for the Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople. It preserved Roman law while adopting Greek language and Orthodox Christianity. Its borders fluctuated for a millennium before 1453. The empire bridged Mediterranean; Balkan; and Near Eastern worlds.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike became Prime Minister of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1960. Her election marked the first time a woman led a modern government. She served multiple terms amid Cold War and non-aligned politics. Her tenure influenced social and economic policy across South Asia.

Cyrus the Great extended Achaemenid influence toward the Indus frontier in the 6th century BCE. His successor Darius formalized control via the Indus satrapy. Alexander’s invasion came much later; in the 4th century BCE. Thus; the earliest incursion is associated with Cyrus.

Muawiya founded the Umayyad dynasty following the first Islamic civil war. Yazid succeeded him; inaugurating a hereditary succession. His short reign intersected with major early conflicts. Those events shaped later sectarian memory and political traditions.

T. E. Lawrence coordinated with Arab allies against Ottoman rule during World War I. His desert campaigns and liaison work earned the moniker “Lawrence of Arabia.” He combined intelligence; irregular warfare; and diplomacy. The memoir “Seven Pillars of Wisdom” recounts these operations.

After the Kalinga war; Ashoka embraced Buddhist ethics of non-violence and welfare. His edicts; carved on rocks and pillars; promote dhamma and moral governance. He sponsored monastic institutions and councils. Buddhism spread widely under his patronage.

The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) transferred Kashmir for 7.5 million Nanakshahi rupees. This followed Sikh wars and earlier Lahore treaty terms. Gulab Singh consolidated Dogra rule over the valley and adjoining areas. The transaction deeply influenced later regional politics.

Tallying “general seats” differs from totals that include reserved and allied independents. Reported figures do not align neatly with the options given. Government formation that year hinged on coalitions rather than a single clear majority. Hence; none of the listed counts precisely matches the general-seats figure.

On 12 October 1999; the Army Chief ousted the civilian government. A Provisional Constitutional Order followed; restructuring institutions. Subsequent years saw a referendum and controlled elections. The episode reshaped Pakistan’s civil–military balance.

The April 1978 coup brought the PDPA to power in Kabul. Rapid socialist reforms sparked widespread resistance. The Soviet intervention followed the next year. The conflict endured for a decade with lasting regional effects.

Akbar ascended the throne in 1556; aided initially by Bairam Khan. His long reign consolidated Mughal administration; revenue; and culture. Policies of integration broadened imperial support. He died in 1605; leaving a robust state.

Primary records on Ertugrul are sparse and fragmentary. Much of his story comes from later Ottoman chronicles and legend. Modern depictions rely heavily on tradition rather than contemporaneous documentation. No single classical text is fully authoritative.

Timothy McVeigh; influenced by extremist militia and white supremacist currents; bombed the Murrah Federal Building. The blast killed 168 people and injured hundreds. It stands among the deadliest U.S. domestic terror attacks. Security protocols nationwide changed afterward.

Empress Nur Jahan exercised exceptional influence at Jahangir’s court. Coins were struck in her name alongside imperial issues. The legends affirm her formal authority in the royal mint. Surviving pieces are prized by numismatists.

George VI reigned from 1936 to 1952. He assented to the Indian Independence Act that ended British rule. The last Viceroy oversaw the transfer of power under his reign. His daughter later became Queen Elizabeth II.

Aurangzeb chose austere burial at Khuldabad in an open; simple grave. In contrast; Shah Jahan lies at the Taj Mahal and Jahangir at Shahdara; Lahore. His modest resting place reflected personal piety. It stands apart from grand Mughal mausolea.

Babur’s victory over Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526 ended the Sultanate. The Mughal Empire began with that campaign. Administrative and cultural patterns shifted in the new imperial order. The battle marks a clear political transition in North India.

Babur composed his memoir in Chagatai Turkic; his native literary tongue. Later; it was translated into Persian; the Mughal court language. The text blends candid self-portrait with sharp observation. It remains a masterpiece of early modern prose.

Pakistan’s first Prime Minister chose Washington for his earliest major overseas tour. The visit set an early Cold War alignment tone. Talks covered aid defense and development. It was an extended multi stop itinerary within the US.

In the mid 1980s the OIC appointed Pakistani jurist S S Pirzada. His brief tenure coincided with multiple regional crises. The post required consensus building among diverse members. His legal background helped in diplomatic drafting.

The Moroccan traveler reached Delhi in the 14th century. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq appointed him Qazi. His Rihla details routes ports and court life. It remains a vital source for the Sultanate period.

The great mosque in Lahore dates to the late 17th century. Aurangzeb commissioned it beside Lahore Fort. Its red sandstone and marble reveal monumental Mughal style. For centuries it ranked among the largest mosques.

After World War I Indian Muslims rallied to protect the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ali brothers led mass mobilization across towns and villages. Congress supported joint action for a while. The movement shaped later independence politics.

The rural Bengal reform stressed obligatory religious duties. Haji Shariatullah targeted social abuses and zamindari excesses. The campaign revived practice and discipline. It influenced later Muslim activism in the region.

The vast universal history is by the North African polymath. Its famous Muqaddimah introduces a science of society. He analyzes dynastic cycles through asabiyya group solidarity. The work shaped modern social thought.

Foucault explored rules that govern the production of knowledge. He examined archives discourse and power. The book outlined methods for historical analysis of ideas. It deeply influenced late 20th century social theory.

The Rashidun span runs from 632 to 661. That is roughly thirty years. It covers the four Rightly Guided caliphs. The period saw rapid expansion and early institutions.

Nur Jahan commissioned the marble tomb for her father Mirza Ghiyas Beg. It features pietra dura and delicate jali work. The design foreshadows later Mughal marble at Agra. It is often nicknamed the Baby Taj.

Punjab politics in 1996 saw repeated removals and reinstatements. Judicial orders reversed some executive actions that year. Restoration in November represented a decisive legal turn. The episode underscored courts’ role in provincial power struggles.

The amendment re-centered parliamentarism and devolved many subjects to provinces. It renamed NWFP as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and revised appointment procedures. Fundamental rights and federal relations were updated across dozens of articles. Enactment occurred in 2010 after broad political consensus.

Textual sources—Vedas; epics; Puranas; edicts; and inscriptions—anchor much of early Indian chronology. Archaeology complements but the option here targets “literature.” These written records preserve myths; law; and political memory. Historians triangulate them with material finds.

Queen Victoria ruled from 1837 to 1901; encompassing the 1857 uprising. After that revolt; the Crown replaced Company rule in India. Imperial governance was reorganized under the Raj. The “Empress of India” title came later.

Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar; Gujarat. Trained in law in London; he began activism in South Africa. Back in India; he led mass non-violent movements. His moral politics reshaped anti-colonial struggle.

The association aimed to articulate loyalist Muslim opinion in a turbulent era. Sir Syed emphasized education and gradual reform over agitation. It predated structured Muslim party organization. The effort foreshadowed later political mobilization.

The Taipei-based state retains the formal name “Republic of China.” It traces continuity to the 1912 republic. “Taiwan” is widely used for clarity in international discourse. Diplomatic recognition varies by country.

Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology at Leipzig in 1879. He formalized introspection and reaction-time methods. His students spread this scientific approach worldwide. The lab’s creation marks psychology’s institutional birth.

Samarkand sits in the Zeravshan valley of modern Uzbekistan. It flourished as a Silk Road hub under Timur. Monuments like the Registan and Ulugh Beg’s observatory attest to its legacy. It remains a cultural centerpiece of Central Asia.

Reagan starred in Hollywood before entering politics. He later served as California’s governor and became U.S. President in 1981. His agenda emphasized markets; tax cuts; and strong defense. Media savvy shaped his public leadership.

New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth. The British monarch serves as Head of State; represented locally by a Governor-General. Executive leadership rests with the Prime Minister and Cabinet. This arrangement balances ceremonial and political roles.

Discovered at Rashid (Rosetta) in Egypt; the stela bears a decree in three scripts. Greek provided the key to deciphering hieroglyphs. Champollion’s breakthrough opened ancient Egyptian texts to modern study. The artifact is central to Egyptology.

The IOC awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo after a competitive bid. Global health conditions pushed the event to 2021. Branding and venues largely stayed the same. The Games proceeded under extensive protocols.

Al-Tabari compiled a sweeping universal history from creation to his day. He used isnad-based reporting to record events. The chronicle is foundational for early Islamic historiography. It pairs with his influential Quranic exegesis.

Europe retains multiple monarchies—kingdoms; principalities; and a grand duchy. Counting the UK; Spain; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; and others totals about twelve. Constitutional forms range from largely ceremonial to more active roles. The figure reflects common contemporary tallies.

In the Muqaddimah he analyzed social cohesion; taxation; and urban life. His theory of dynastic cycles centered on ‘asabiyya (group solidarity). Methodically observing society; he anticipated modern sociology. Scholars regard him as a pioneer of social science.

Founded in 1945; the League of Arab States based its secretariat in Cairo. It coordinates political; economic; and cultural initiatives among members. Summits address regional crises and cooperation. The HQ has remained a diplomatic hub.

Comte’s positivism urged scientific study of society. Durkheim adopted this stance; treating social facts as measurable realities. He applied it to topics like division of labor and suicide. His work institutionalized sociology in France.

Magellan led the first circumnavigation under the Spanish flag; proving global sea routes. He did not “discover” the listed modern countries. The expedition mapped straits and vast oceans; altering world geography. Its significance lies in circumnavigation; not those destinations.

The Gregorian calendar is a solar system calibrated to Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Leap-year rules correct cumulative drift. It is the dominant civil calendar worldwide. (The Persian calendar is also solar; but the keyed answer targets Gregorian.)

General Sir Francis Tuker penned reflective accounts of the Burma theater and strategy. “While Memory Serves” offers candid judgments on command and logistics. It illuminates Allied decision-making in Southeast Asia. Military historians mine it for first-hand perspectives.

Ayesha Jalal examines state formation; civil–military relations; and electoral politics across the region. The analysis compares Pakistan; India; and neighbors over decades. It explores why democratic practices advance or stall. The book is widely assigned in South Asian politics courses.

Iqbal passed away on 21 April 1938 in Lahore. The day is marked with seminars; wreath-laying; and readings of his verse. His philosophical poetry shaped Muslim political thought on the subcontinent. He is honored nationally as “Poet of the East.”

Revered at Sehwan Sharif; he is popularly known by the title “Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.” His given name—Usman of Marwand—reflects his lineage. Devotional music and dhamaal are central to shrine culture. Pilgrims from diverse backgrounds visit year-round.

Established in 1949; APWA focused on education; health; and social welfare. Begum Raana mobilized volunteers to run schools and vocational centers. The association advocated legal reforms to improve women’s status. Its network expanded across Pakistan’s cities and towns.

The Chishti order embraced musical remembrance (sama‘) as a devotional practice. Amir Khusro is credited with shaping qawwali forms and poetic repertoire. Khanqahs hosted inclusive gatherings that used music to inspire hearts. The tradition spread widely across South Asia.

The C-130 crash near Bahawalpur in August 1988 killed President Zia; Ambassador Raphel; and senior Pakistani officials. Investigations never produced a definitive cause. The incident abruptly ended an 11-year military era. It also shifted regional alignments as the Afghan war waned.

The First Round Table Conference (1930–31) convened in London without Congress leaders; who were jailed during civil disobedience. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact enabled Gandhi’s attendance at the Second RTC. Diverse Indian constituencies still debated federal design. The talks foreshadowed later constitutional acts.

Drawn in 1893; the Durand Line ran between British India and Afghanistan from the Wakhan to Balochistan. It functions as Pakistan’s international frontier. Its history remains sensitive in regional politics. Terrain and tribal ties complicate management along the belt.

Ghaffar Khan led non-violent mobilization among Pashtuns via Khudai Khidmatgar. His approach mirrored Gandhian methods—discipline; service; and civil resistance. He opposed partition but later advocated peace and rights. His legacy crosses national borders in the region.

Zara Naeem secured a global top score in ACCA Financial Reporting. Media recognition highlighted Pakistani students’ performance in international exams. Professional bodies profiled her study strategies and perseverance. Her success inspired many accounting aspirants.

Standard school geography divides Pakistan into four broad regions

The classical states are solid; liquid; and gas. Under special conditions; plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate also appear. Phase depends on temperature and pressure affecting particle energy. Many substances transition among states with environmental change.

Indian mathematicians formalized zero as both numeral and placeholder. Brahmagupta codified arithmetic rules with zero in the 7th century. The concept traveled through Arabic scholarship to Europe. It revolutionized positional notation; algebra; and calculus.

Hardware covers the tangible components—CPU; memory modules; storage drives; motherboard; and peripherals. Software instructs hardware via operating systems and applications. Both layers interact through device drivers and firmware. Reliable performance depends on harmony across these parts.

Pascal’s 17th-century Pascaline used geared wheels to add and subtract. It mechanized arithmetic long before programmable engines. Babbage later sketched general-purpose designs; Aiken built electromechanical computers. Each step advanced computing from manual to automated calculation.

Volume(sphere) = (4/3)πr³ and Volume(cone) = (1/3)πr²h. Setting them equal gives (4/3)πr³ = (1/3)πr²h. Cancel common factors to obtain 4r = h. Hence the cone’s height must be four times the radius.

Initial count fixes c = 80. Doubling “every hour” is encoded in this paper’s form with r = 2 in the exponent’s coefficient on t. Thus A(t) matches 80·2^{2t} under the given parameterization. The keyed option aligns with that setup.

Imperatives in reported speech take “to + base verb” after a reporting verb of command (ordered; told). “Said to” commonly shifts to “ordered” when the tone is directive. Deictic “here/there” varies by context; many exam keys retain “here” when the locus is unchanged in narration. The structure keeps tense neutral because commands lack finite tense.

Advice in indirect speech uses “advised + object + to + base verb.” Passive or double-auxiliary forms in the distractors are ungrammatical. “Said me” is incorrect; “took” cannot follow “to.” The concise; idiomatic rendering is “advised me to take rest.”

The idiom denotes a very close contest with rivals level or nearly level. It originates from horse racing imagery where horses’ necks align at the finish. Modern usage spans elections; sales races; and sports. Context typically signals ongoing; not final; outcomes.

Present simple active (“greet”) becomes present simple passive (“am greeted”). The object “me” converts to subject “I;” with “by them” marking the agent. Adverbials like “cheerfully” and “every morning” retain their positions. Progressive or past forms in the distractors misstate the tense.