Lecturer Pakistan Studies (BS-17) – Higher Education Department Punjab – 2022

Begum Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar was among the earliest Muslim League women who publicly mobilized support around 1940. She addressed women’s gatherings; encouraged political participation; and linked social reform to Muslim constitutional demands. Her visibility in League circles made her a key woman associated with the Resolution era.

Abul Kalam Azad’s writings preserve contemporaneous testimonies from late-colonial communal violence; including Bihar. His narrative combines political context with on-the-ground memories; creating a source base useful to historians. These firsthand accounts document sequence; casualty patterns; and administrative responses in detail.

The province was created on 9 November 1901 under Viceroy Curzon. Peshawar; Kohat; Bannu; Dera Ismail Khan; and Hazara were reorganized for specialized frontier governance. The move centralized civil-military administration along the North-West frontier. After 2010; NWFP was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Gwadar remained an Omani enclave until its 1958 transfer to Pakistan for about £3 million. Integration into Balochistan enabled federal planning for a deep-sea port. Its location near the Strait of Hormuz gives strategic maritime significance. Today it anchors logistics on Pakistan’s Arabian Sea rim.

Following the September 2001 attacks; Washington engaged Islamabad for intelligence sharing; logistics; and overflight/transit to Afghanistan. By 2002; the “front-line state” descriptor was routine in briefings. The label reflected geography; military access; and counter-terror collaboration. It shaped security assistance and policy dialogue for years.

Ayesha Jalal’s study analyzes Pakistan’s state formation within regional and global politics. It extends her archival work on Muslim League strategy; partition; and early governance. The book is widely taught in South Asian history and political science courses. Its arguments are frequently cited in academic debates.

The Six-Point program was unveiled in 1966 during President Ayub Khan’s rule. It demanded fiscal; monetary; and security autonomy for East Pakistan. The platform transformed mass politics in the east and redefined center-province relations. Its mobilization set conditions for the 1970–71 crisis.

Established in Lahore in 1956 (with Swedish collaboration); Packages introduced modern paperboard and packaging to Pakistan. It later facilitated the local footprint of Tetra Pak-type aseptic solutions. The firm diversified across printing; board; and consumer packaging. It remains a major industrial employer and exporter.

Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi’s movement; with Shah Ismail Dehlvi; emphasized disciplined spiritual reform and ethical renewal. It retained Sufi structures while resisting syncretic or lax practices. Scholars use “Neo-Sufism” for such reformist currents that blended mysticism with scriptural rigor. The trend influenced nineteenth-century religious life.

Founded in 1967; Tehreek-e-Istaqlal advocated constitutionalism; civilian supremacy; and clean politics. It contested the 1970 elections and joined opposition alliances in later decades. Asghar Khan’s public positions influenced civil-military discourse. Party networks later contributed to broader political coalitions.

Afghanistan cast the lone negative vote in 1947; citing disputes linked to the Durand Line and Pashtun territories. Pakistan nonetheless joined the UN on 30 September 1947. The episode marked early diplomatic friction. Regular bilateral relations and border management evolved in subsequent decades.

I. I. Chundrigar—later Pakistan’s sixth Prime Minister—served early diplomatic assignments including Kabul. The mission handled transit; trade; and frontier issues at a formative time. Embassy-foreign office coordination created patterns followed by later envoys. His career bridged diplomacy and high politics.

The 1962 charter instituted a presidential system and Basic Democracies-based indirect elections. Roughly 250 articles defined executive; legislative; and judicial structures. Centralization characterized the design; with significant presidential powers. The constitution lapsed amid the 1969 transition.

The Chishti silsila in South Asia stressed love; inclusivity; and service. Open kitchens (langar) and musical assemblies (sama‘) created shared spaces transcending communal lines. Figures like Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti influenced Indo-Muslim devotional culture. The ethos shaped urban sociability and charity traditions.

On 31 May 1935; a powerful quake devastated Quetta and nearby towns. Magnitude estimates are around 7.7; with widespread structural collapse. British authorities led relief and post-disaster urban planning. The event remains among South Asia’s deadliest earthquakes.

President Yahya Khan’s Legal Framework Order (1970) dissolved One Unit; restoring Punjab; Sindh; NWFP; and Balochistan in the west. The change rebalanced representation in a multi-provincial federation. It preceded Pakistan’s first general election later that year. Administrative maps were redrawn accordingly.

Under the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty; the Commission meets alternately to exchange data and review projects. In March 2022; delegations met in New Delhi. These technical talks persist despite wider political tensions. They facilitate river monitoring and treaty implementation.

PPP formed in Lahore in late 1967 with a populist socioeconomic agenda and parliamentary federation aims. Its slogan “Roti; Kapra aur Makaan” signaled redistributive priorities. The party became a principal national force after the 1970 polls. It has since alternated in federal and provincial governments.

Article 35-A (via a 1954 Presidential Order) enabled J&K’s legislature to define “permanent residents” and their special rights. It operated alongside Article 370’s autonomy framework. In 2019; the arrangement was rescinded by New Delhi. The change reconfigured domicile; property; and employment rules.

The Ninth Amendment Bill (late 1980s) sought Shariat’s primacy over existing laws; reflecting Islamization initiatives. Although it did not complete enactment; it marked a major legislative attempt in that direction. Later; the Shariat Act 1991 pursued similar themes. The debates concerned judicial review and statutory conformity.

The Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley–Minto Reforms) introduced separate electorates for Muslims. It expanded legislative councils and recognized communal representation. The change altered electoral mobilization and political bargaining. Later reforms further adjusted franchise and seat allocations.

The Kirthar Range runs north–south along the Sindh–Balochistan boundary; with prominent wildlife and national park areas. It forms a rugged barrier between lower Indus plains and the Balochistan plateau. Geologically; it features limestone and folded strata. River valleys and passes connect settlements to the plains.

Karachi is Pakistan’s largest city by population; followed by Lahore. Multan is a major urban center in south Punjab but not the largest nationally. Demographic rankings come from census counts and urban agglomeration estimates. Urban growth patterns vary by migration and metropolitan expansion.

Muhammad Ali Sadpara; renowned for multiple eight-thousander ascents and a winter Nanga Parbat summit (with partners); was lost on K-2 in 2021. His career symbolized high-altitude skill and endurance from Baltistan. He inspired a generation of Pakistani mountaineers. Memorial climbs and tributes honor his legacy.

The Durand Line dates to an 1893 agreement defining spheres between British India and Afghanistan. It spans mountainous terrain from the Wakhan to near Balochistan. After 1947; Pakistan inherited the frontier. In practice it functions as the international boundary for administration and border control.

Ahmed Jahanzeb—known for pop; ghazal-influenced vocals; and TV OSTs—belongs to the late-1970s cohort of Pakistani artists. His training under classical mentors shaped range and ornamentation. Recordings and live performances span solo albums and collaborations. He remains active across broadcast and digital platforms.

After the 1998 tests; Washington’s posture evolved from sanctions to structured engagement. By the mid-2000s; US policy acknowledged Pakistan as a de facto nuclear-armed state while emphasizing non-proliferation norms and security of assets. Dialogues covered export controls; safety; and regional stability.

The Warsak hydropower complex on the Kabul River includes significant water conveyance tunnels feeding turbines. Its tunnels are central to canalized flow and generation. By contrast; Khojak and Lowari are transport tunnels (rail/road) rather than water conveyance. Warsak’s headworks and tunnels anchor regional irrigation and power.

By land area; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is smaller than Punjab; Sindh; and Balochistan. Balochistan is the largest by area; Punjab is largest by population. KPK’s geography ranges from high mountains to fertile valleys. Administrative divisions include newly merged districts from the former FATA.

The Durand Line separates Pakistan from Afghanistan along a rugged; tribal belt. It crosses major passes and river valleys used historically for trade and migration. Border management includes crossing points like Torkham and Chaman. Security fencing and regulated transit have expanded in recent years.

The Sutlej is one of the five eastern tributaries that form the greater Indus basin across Pakistan’s plains. It joins the Chenab downstream to form the Panjnad before meeting the Indus. River systems shape irrigation networks and settlement belts. Provincial agriculture depends on Indus basin canalization.

Skaser (often rendered “Sakesar”) is the Salt Range’s highest point; rising above the Potohar Plateau. The range features Eocene–Miocene sediments and extensive rock salt deposits at Khewra. Its ridges host biodiversity and heritage sites. Hill stations and lakes dot adjoining valleys.

The Babur (Hatf-VII) cruise missile was first tested in August 2005. Cruise systems fly low; terrain-hugging profiles and can be configured for various ranges. Development paralleled improvements in guidance; propulsion; and platform integration. Subsequent variants expanded capability and launch options.

Under parliamentary rules; notice to move a no-confidence resolution must be backed by at least one-fifth of total members. After notice; procedures fix debate windows and voting timelines. Passage requires a majority of the total membership. The threshold separates initiation from adoption.

In 2007; both sides signed the “Agreement on Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weapons.” It complements earlier confidence-building measures like pre-notification of missile tests. The pact outlines communication and notification protocols. Such mechanisms aim to prevent escalation from technical mishaps.

Signed on 2 July 1972 at Simla; the agreement committed both states to peaceful methods and bilateralism post-1971 war. It converted the ceasefire line into the Line of Control in Jammu & Kashmir. Prisoner exchange and disengagement were addressed. The accord frames subsequent diplomatic exchanges.

Zakat on savings is 2.5% per lunar year; so the zakatable base equals paid zakat × 40. Multiplying 8;500 by 40 gives 340;000. This method quickly inverts the 2.5% rate (1/40). The result is the wealth subject to Zakat at that time.

Percentage dues are computed by multiplying the base by the rate expressed as a fraction. Applying a stated rate requires clarity on the rule (e.g.; agricultural ushr; levy; or a prescribed percentage used in the question’s syllabus). The numerical due is obtained by straightforward rate × base arithmetic. Rounding practices; if any; follow the context given in the problem.

“In someone’s absence” is the idiomatic prepositional phrase for a period when a person is away. “On” and “at” don’t collocate with “absence” in this sense. The sentence describes a timeframe; so “in” is the natural choice. Formal and informal registers both prefer this pairing.

“Prolong” means to make something last longer; “extend” shares that core sense of lengthening duration. “Concise” relates to brevity and is antonymic in spirit. “Pretend” concerns feigning and is unrelated semantically. In time/term contexts; “extend a deadline/term” parallels “prolong a period.”

“Much” and “little” are quantitative adjectives expressing amount and degree. Qualitative adjectives indicate quality (e.g.; “brave;” “cold”). Demonstratives specify reference (this/that/these/those). In grammar analysis; “much effort” marks quantity rather than inherent quality.

In subject–auxiliary inversion; the contracted negation follows the auxiliary

The head noun is “quality;” a singular abstract noun; hence a singular verb is required

Simple past active (“did not break”) converts to simple past passive (“was not broken”). The object becomes the subject (“the glass”); and the agent is introduced with “by.” Options B and C shift tense/aspect incorrectly. The auxiliary “was” matches the past timeframe.

The idiomatic preposition with “on a committee” is “on;” which is not listed. “In/at/into the committee” are not standard for membership context. Therefore; among the given choices; “None of these” is correct. Usage in institutional English consistently prefers “on.”

The optative/subjunctive mood in English often expresses prayers; wishes; and requests (“May you prosper;” “God save the Queen”). While modern English relies heavily on modal constructions; the functional category still covers petitionary statements. Option C best captures this communicative intent.

Coordinators such as “and;” “but;” and “or” link words; phrases; or clauses of equal rank. The sentence demonstrates coordination (“read and read … but also remembered”). These are classic examples of coordinating conjunctions managing clause relation and rhythm.

With habitats that involve being among branches or within foliage; “in the tree” is idiomatic. “On the tree” usually describes something attached to the surface (e.g.; a sign). Prepositional choice depends on whether we mean internal space versus surface contact.

The idiom is “to laugh up one’s sleeve;” meaning to conceal amusement. None of the listed paraphrases captures the idiomatic meaning or correct prepositioning. The expression conjures a private; hidden laugh; not a literal action with sleeves.

“Here/There” are deictic contrasts; “She/He” forms a natural binary of third-person singular gendered pronouns. “They” is plural (or singular inclusive in modern usage) and “It” is neuter. The classical test analogy pairs complementary opposites in the same category.

The relation is product to immediate source. Oil is extracted from seed; butter is churned from milk; but “goat” points to a specific animal source for butter in many analogies of source specificity. In common MCQ sets keyed this way; the pairing contrasts generic plant source with a specific animal source.

A poet creates a poem; a choreographer designs a ballet. “Drama” is authored by a playwright; and “masque” is a specific courtly form. The creator–work mapping aligns directly with “choreography → ballet performance.”

“Each” takes singular verb agreement