PPSC Assistant Director Revenue (BS-17) Past Paper 2023 – Housing Urban Development & Public Health Engineering Department (Water & Economics)

Customer value is the balance between what a buyer gains and what they give up. Total customer value covers product features quality brand trust and satisfaction. Total customer cost includes money time effort and mental energy. When benefits are greater than costs the buyer feels satisfied and considers the product valuable. For example a car with strong safety and fuel efficiency may cost more but customers accept it since it delivers higher value. This trade off is central in consumer behavior and helps businesses design strategies that increase loyalty and long term success.

Capital structure refers to the arrangement of debt and equity used to finance a business. Debt brings borrowed money that must be repaid with interest while equity comes from shareholders. A good balance lowers financial risk and reduces the cost of capital. Too much debt creates repayment pressure while too much equity reduces returns for owners. For example a company may use both loans and share capital to expand safely. The idea of capital structure is important because it helps organizations maintain stability improve growth and satisfy investors.

The breakeven point is where a business covers all costs without earning profit or loss. At this stage income equals expenses. This is a key tool for managers to decide pricing production and sales targets. For example if a company needs to sell 1000 units to cover fixed and variable costs then this quantity is the breakeven point. Selling above this creates profit while selling below leads to loss. Breakeven analysis is important for decision making because it shows the minimum effort needed to survive and plan for long term growth.

Floating assets are current assets like stock or inventory that change regularly. These are valued either at cost price or market price whichever is lower. This rule ensures that financial statements are not overstated and gives a safe margin to investors. For example if stock was purchased for 50000 but market value is 45000 it must be recorded at 45000. This conservative principle protects stakeholders from misleading financial data. It also reflects the true financial condition of a business. Thus valuing floating assets conservatively is an essential accounting practice used worldwide.

Systematic risk is the risk that affects the entire market and cannot be removed through diversification. Examples include inflation interest rate changes recessions or political instability. Unlike unsystematic risk which is company specific systematic risk impacts all firms in a market. Investors must accept this risk since it is unavoidable. The Capital Asset Pricing Model includes systematic risk in its formula to calculate expected returns. For example if the whole stock market falls due to global crisis every company is affected regardless of its performance. Hence systematic risk is a core concept in finance.

Planning is considered the first and most important function of management. It sets goals and decides how to achieve them. Without planning organizations cannot coordinate resources properly. Planning gives direction reduces risk and prepares firms for challenges. For example a company may plan sales targets for a year and then allocate resources for marketing production and staffing. Good planning also includes forecasting and evaluation of alternatives. Once planning is complete the other functions like organizing staffing and controlling can follow effectively. Thus planning is the foundation of all management processes.

Ethnography is a widely used method in qualitative research. It involves observing and interacting with people in their real environment to understand their culture practices and behavior. Unlike surveys which focus on numbers ethnography provides deep insight into human life. For example a researcher may live within a community to study traditions education or workplace culture. This method generates rich data that is useful in sociology anthropology and marketing studies. Ethnography helps researchers understand not only what people do but why they do it making it a valuable qualitative tool.

A general partnership is a business form where partners share profits as well as losses and liabilities. In this type liability is unlimited which means partners are personally responsible for debts of the business. For example if the partnership cannot repay loans creditors can claim personal assets of partners. Although general partnerships are simple to create they carry high risk. This is why many modern businesses prefer limited liability forms. Still general partnerships remain common in law firms medical practices and small businesses due to simplicity and trust among partners.

Arithmetic mean is the most common measure of average. It is found by adding all data values and dividing by the number of items. For example if three numbers are 10 20 and 30 the mean is 20. Arithmetic mean is simple to compute and widely used in business statistics and daily life. It shows the central tendency of data but may be influenced by extreme values. Despite limitations it is considered the basic tool in data analysis and forms the basis of many statistical calculations.

Verification in auditing means checking the accuracy and existence of assets and liabilities. It includes confirming ownership valuation and possession. For example auditors may verify land ownership by checking title deeds or verify stock by physical inspection. Verification builds confidence in financial statements and ensures that they are free from errors or fraud. It is a vital part of auditing because without proper verification financial reports cannot be trusted. Investors regulators and management depend on verified data to make correct decisions.

Consensus means general agreement among parties. In legal and management terms consensus is essential for contracts and negotiations. It ensures that all stakeholders share a common understanding. For example in collective bargaining employers and workers may reach consensus on wages and working conditions. Consensus reduces conflicts builds trust and creates smooth relations. In management it is often said that consensus is the key to effective teamwork and decision making.

Debtors do not take part in the operational risk of business hence they are not entitled to profit share. They only provide funds or credit and expect repayment. Shareholders and partners carry business risk and get rewarded through profits. For example a supplier giving goods on credit acts as a debtor and expects only payment not profit. This principle explains why risk taking and ownership bring higher returns while creditors and debtors earn fixed amounts.

Capital expenditure is money spent on acquiring or improving assets like land buildings or machinery. It is not a regular expense but an investment made occasionally to increase long term value. For example purchase of a new factory is a capital expenditure. Such spending is shown in the balance sheet and benefits the company over many years. This is different from revenue expenditure which occurs regularly and supports daily operations. Capital expenditure is vital for growth and development of businesses.

Supervisor wages are part of conversion cost. Conversion cost is the total of direct labor and overheads used to convert raw materials into finished goods. Supervisors guide and monitor production hence their salaries are indirect labor costs. For example in a factory wages paid to supervisors ensure smooth operations and quality control. These costs are not directly linked to materials but are essential for production. Conversion cost helps in calculating product cost and setting prices effectively.

Unsystematic risk refers to risk that is specific to a company or industry. It is different from systematic risk which affects the whole market. Examples include poor management strikes or product failures. Unsystematic risk can be reduced through diversification by investing in different industries or companies. For example if an investor holds shares in both a pharmaceutical company and a technology company loss in one may not affect the other. This is why diversification is a key strategy to minimize unsystematic risk.

Job description explains the duties responsibilities and conditions of a job. It outlines what the employee must do and what skills are required. For example a teacher job description may include preparing lessons teaching students and maintaining records. Job description helps both employer and employee by creating clarity and avoiding confusion. It is also useful for recruitment performance evaluation and training.

Applied research focuses on solving practical problems. It uses scientific methods but aims for direct application in real life. For example developing a vaccine for a disease is applied research. In contrast basic research expands knowledge without immediate use. Applied research is vital for industries business and technology as it helps in creating solutions products and policies that benefit society.

Fiscal policy is the policy of government related to revenue collection and expenditure. Taxation is a main part of fiscal policy. Governments use fiscal policy to control inflation reduce unemployment and promote growth. For example lowering taxes can increase demand while raising taxes can reduce inflation. Fiscal policy is different from monetary policy which is controlled by central banks and deals with money supply and interest rates.

Preferred stock is a class of shares that provide fixed dividend to shareholders. Holders of preferred stock receive payment before common shareholders in case of liquidation. However they usually do not have voting rights. This type of stock combines features of equity and debt. For example investors who want steady income prefer preferred stock while those seeking higher returns with voting rights prefer common stock. Preferred stock is important for companies to raise funds while attracting investors with lower risk.

Human Resource Management focuses on managing people at work. It includes hiring training motivating and retaining employees. HRM ensures that the right people are placed in the right jobs. Staff functions like recruitment and development are its main role. For example HR managers design training programs to improve skills and maintain a positive workplace. HRM is essential because people are the most valuable resource of any organization.

Auditing is the systematic examination of financial statements and records to check accuracy and compliance. Auditors verify whether accounts reflect the true financial position of the company. For example auditors may examine bank statements invoices and receipts to confirm correctness. Auditing builds trust among investors government and stakeholders. It also prevents fraud and errors. Independent auditing is a legal requirement for many organizations.

The Capital Asset Pricing Model states that expected return on a security equals risk free rate plus risk premium. The premium depends on systematic risk measured by beta. Beta shows how much a security moves with the market. For example if beta is greater than one the security is more volatile than the market. This model helps investors decide if a stock is worth the risk. CAPM is widely used in finance to calculate cost of equity and to evaluate investments.

Assets generate income for businesses and are the base of profitability. Assets include cash machinery property and investments. For example a factory with modern equipment can produce more goods and earn higher profit. Balance sheet and inventory are records but assets directly produce value. That is why efficient use of assets is the main factor for profitability. Companies try to increase asset productivity to maximize profit and shareholder wealth.

When credit period is extended debtors take longer to pay. This delays cash inflow and blocks company funds. While it may increase sales due to lenient credit policy it also increases risk of bad debts. Blocking of funds affects liquidity and may force the company to borrow money. Effective credit management is necessary to balance sales growth and cash flow. For example many companies set strict credit control systems to avoid blocked funds.

Bonus shares are additional shares given to shareholders free of cost. They are issued out of free reserves or accumulated profits. For example if a company has surplus profit it may issue bonus shares instead of paying cash dividend. Bonus shares increase number of shares and reduce price per share but total value remains the same. They are used to reward shareholders and increase market liquidity.

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board prepares and issues global auditing standards. These standards provide guidelines to auditors for consistent and reliable auditing. They ensure that audits are conducted with quality and integrity. Following international standards improves investor confidence and harmonizes practices worldwide. For example multinational firms use these standards to maintain consistency across countries.

Investment decision making traditionally includes security analysis and portfolio management. Security analysis means studying stocks or bonds to judge their value and risk. Portfolio management means combining different securities to maximize return and reduce risk. For example an investor may analyze company reports and then create a portfolio of shares bonds and mutual funds. These two steps help investors make informed decisions and achieve financial goals.

Blind advertising is a type of ad that does not reveal the name of the company behind it. It is often used to attract candidates for jobs without disclosing employer identity. It may also be used in marketing to create curiosity. For example a job advertisement may only give a contact address without naming the firm. Blind ads protect confidentiality but may also reduce trust among applicants or customers.

Probability sampling means each element in a population has an equal chance of being chosen. It ensures fairness and accuracy in results. For example in a lottery every ticket has equal chance of winning. Probability sampling is the foundation of scientific research as it reduces bias and improves reliability. Methods like simple random sampling are commonly used in surveys.

When banks collect dividend and interest on behalf of clients it is known as agency function. In this role banks act as agents for customers. They provide services like bill collection payment of cheques and handling investments. For example if a company declares dividend the bank may collect it and credit to customer account. Agency functions increase convenience and save time for customers.

Commercial banks perform multiple activities. They maintain deposit accounts issue and pay cheques and collect cheques for clients. These services make banks vital in the economy. For example a business deposits money in its account writes cheques for suppliers and receives cheques from customers. All these functions are handled by commercial banks. This builds trust and ensures smooth flow of money in the economy.

World Trade Organization sets global rules of trade between nations. Its goal is to help producers exporters and importers work smoothly. WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade after the Uruguay Round of negotiations. For example WTO handles disputes between countries and ensures fair competition. By promoting free trade it aims to improve global prosperity and reduce trade barriers.

Mean or average is the most widely used measure of central tendency. It is simple to calculate by adding all numbers and dividing by the count. For example if data is 5 10 and 15 the mean is 10. Mean is used in business economics and research to represent data. However it is sensitive to extreme values. Despite this limitation it remains the most common and useful method.

Diversification means spreading investments across different assets to reduce overall risk. The idea is that poor performance of one investment can be balanced by good performance of another. For example if an investor holds shares in technology banking and energy sectors a fall in one sector may not affect the total portfolio. Diversification does not remove systematic risk but it reduces unsystematic risk. It is one of the most important principles in modern portfolio management. Successful investors always diversify to protect wealth and gain stable returns.

A surplus budget happens when government income from taxes and other sources is higher than total spending. This indicates financial strength and may be used to reduce debt or invest in development. For example a country with strong exports may earn more than it spends creating surplus. Surplus budgets help in controlling inflation but may also reduce growth if spending is too low. Governments use budget policies to manage economy balance.

Nonverbal communication refers to messages conveyed without spoken or written words. A company logo is a strong nonverbal symbol that conveys brand identity and values. For example the apple logo of Apple Inc signals innovation and quality. Nonverbal communication includes gestures symbols colors and design. It is powerful because it communicates instantly across cultures. Logos and visuals play a vital role in marketing and public image.

Services are intangible cannot be stored and vary in delivery. They are produced and consumed at the same time. For example a haircut cannot be stored and its quality may change with different barbers. Variability intangibility and inseparability are essential features of services. Therefore none of the options listed can be excluded. Service industries like education healthcare and tourism are vital parts of modern economy.

Petty cash is a small amount of money kept for minor daily expenses like postage or office supplies. It is recorded in petty cash book which is a part of the main cash book. This system saves time as small payments do not require full accounting entry. For example paying for taxi fare or buying pens can be done from petty cash. At the end the petty cash book is balanced and reimbursed. It is an important tool for smooth office management.

General reserve is part of profits set aside for future needs. Unlike capital reserve or revaluation reserve it can be distributed as dividend to shareholders. For example a company with consistent profits may transfer part of surplus to general reserve and later declare dividend from it. General reserve provides financial security and shows strength of a company. Shareholders benefit because it may lead to higher dividend in future.

Entrepreneurial mode of strategy making is where the leader or chief executive drives the vision. It is based on bold moves and risk taking. For example founders of technology companies often take entrepreneurial decisions that shape the whole industry. This mode depends on strong leadership and personal vision rather than formal planning. It can bring innovation but may also carry risks if decisions fail.

The doctrine of supervening impossibility means a contract becomes void when it cannot be performed due to circumstances beyond control. For example if a natural disaster destroys the subject of contract it is impossible to perform. Courts use this doctrine to ensure fairness. It protects parties from penalties when failure is due to events not caused by them. This principle is important in contract law for justice and balance.

Inelastic demand means change in price has little effect on quantity demanded. When elasticity is less than 1 demand is inelastic. For example petrol and medicines have inelastic demand since people buy them even if price rises. Businesses and governments study elasticity to make pricing and tax decisions. Inelastic demand ensures stable revenue but may burden consumers.

Debt is part of capital structure of a business. It represents borrowed funds used to finance operations or expansion. For example companies may take bank loans or issue bonds. While debt increases available funds it also increases obligation to repay with interest. A balanced capital structure includes both debt and equity. Too much debt can cause risk while moderate debt helps in growth.

Non durable goods are physical items that are quickly consumed or used up. Examples include food beverages and cosmetics. They differ from durable goods like cars or furniture which last for years. Non durable goods are important for daily life and have high demand. Businesses producing such goods focus on brand loyalty and distribution. These goods are key drivers of retail industry and fast moving consumer markets.

Selling expenses cover costs linked with promoting and selling goods. Advertising cost is a main part of selling expenses. For example money spent on TV ads posters and online campaigns falls under this head. These costs are indirect but essential for increasing sales. Companies invest heavily in advertising to build brand recognition and attract customers.

In statistics the sum of deviations of data values from mean is always zero. This is because positive deviations balance negative deviations. For example if numbers are 2 4 and 6 the mean is 4. Deviations are minus 2 0 and plus 2 which add up to zero. This property makes mean a central and balanced measure. It is the reason mean is widely used in statistical calculations.

Audit evidence is considered sufficient when the quantity is enough to support audit opinion. Auditors must gather evidence that gives a strong basis for their report. For example confirming bank balances through statements and testing invoices ensures reliability. Sufficient evidence reduces risk of wrong conclusions. Auditors use sampling and other methods to ensure evidence covers all important areas.

When promotion is delayed it becomes a bigger step later. Employees may face longer waiting time but when they are promoted the new role carries greater responsibility and reward. This also impacts career path planning and motivation. Organizations must balance timing of promotions to retain talent and maintain morale.

Preference shareholders are owners of company with special rights. They receive fixed dividend before common shareholders. However they usually lack voting rights. For example preference shares may give 8 percent fixed dividend every year. Preference shareholders are part of equity not creditors. Their ownership is limited but secure.

Services are not invariable because they vary with providers customers and situations. For example two doctors may give different experiences even for same treatment. Other options are correct since services are intangible cannot be stored and are produced together with customers. Service variability is a major challenge for quality management.

SWOT stands for Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors since they relate to resources skills and culture of an organization. For example strong brand name is an internal strength while lack of funds may be a weakness. Opportunities and threats are external since they depend on market and environment. SWOT analysis helps in planning and strategy.

Matrix structure combines two or more types of departmentalization such as product and function. Employees report to more than one manager. For example a project engineer may report to both functional head and project manager. This structure allows flexibility and efficient use of resources but may create confusion if not managed properly.

Companies distribute profits not only in cash but also through stock options. Bonus shares provide free shares to shareholders. Stock split divides existing shares into more shares with lower price. Stock purchase allows employees or shareholders to buy shares at favorable rates. All these methods are used to reward investors and increase market participation.

Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole. Growth theory is part of macroeconomics as it focuses on long term expansion of national income and output. For example study of GDP growth unemployment and inflation are macro topics. Factory pricing and individual incomes belong to microeconomics. Macroeconomics guides government policies for development.

Joint venture account is a nominal account used to record income and expenses of a temporary partnership. For example two businesses may join for a project and open joint venture account. All profits and losses are transferred to partners accounts. It is closed after project ends. This account ensures proper tracking of joint activity.

The four factors of production are land labour capital and enterprise. Enterprise refers to the ability of entrepreneurs to combine other factors and take risks. For example a business owner uses land machines and workers but enterprise drives the process. Enterprise is essential for innovation and economic growth.

Social security measures like pensions unemployment benefits and health care reduce income inequality. They provide support to weaker sections of society. For example government schemes for free education and health services reduce gap between rich and poor. Industrial promotion and credit programs help but social security directly supports equality.

Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations published in 1776. It is considered the foundation of modern economics. The book explained free markets division of labor and invisible hand concept. Adam Smith is known as father of economics. His ideas shaped economic policies worldwide and continue to influence theories today.

Tolerance zone is the difference between service level customers desire and the level they accept. For example customers may desire very quick service but accept slightly slower service if quality is good. This zone helps managers understand expectations and manage satisfaction. Closing the gap between desired and adequate service improves customer loyalty.

Alfred Marshall introduced the idea of consumer surplus. It is the difference between what a consumer is willing to pay and what they actually pay. For example if a buyer is ready to pay 100 but pays 80 then surplus is 20. Consumer surplus measures extra benefit from purchase. It is a key concept in welfare economics and demand analysis.

Multilevel marketing is a system where goods are sold directly to customers by independent distributors. These people also recruit others to sell products creating a network. For example companies selling health or beauty products often use MLM. This system reduces cost of retail stores but may face criticism if misused as pyramid schemes.

Normally demand curve slopes downward but in exceptional cases it slopes upward to the right. This happens for goods like Giffen goods where higher prices lead to higher demand. For example in times of shortage poor people may buy more of a costly staple as they cannot afford alternatives. Such cases are rare but important in economic theory.

Authorized share capital also known as registered capital is the maximum amount of share capital a company is allowed to issue as per its documents. For example a company may have authorized capital of one million but issue only half of it. This limit can be changed with approval from authorities.

Net loss occurs when total expenses of a business exceed its income. For example if revenue is 50000 and expenses are 60000 the net loss is 10000. Net loss reduces equity and signals financial problems. Businesses must control costs or increase sales to avoid repeated losses.

Current assets are short term assets like cash stock and receivables. They are expected to be converted into cash within one year. For example goods held for sale or money owed by customers are current assets. They show liquidity and ability of a business to meet short term obligations.

Liquid ratio also called acid test ratio is calculated as liquid assets divided by current liabilities. Liquid assets are current assets excluding inventory and prepaid expenses. For example if liquid assets are 80000 and current liabilities are 40000 the ratio is 2. This ratio shows ability of business to meet short term debts without selling inventory.

Liabilities are obligations that a company owes to others. They arise from borrowing money or purchasing goods on credit. For example bank loans accounts payable and salaries payable are liabilities. Liabilities must be settled in future through cash or services. They are recorded on balance sheet and show financial obligations of business.

Return inward account also called sales return account records goods that customers send back after sale. When goods are returned revenue must be reduced to show the true sales figure for the period. Debiting the return inward account and crediting the customer or cash book reverses part of the original sale entry. This keeps the sales ledger accurate and helps management review reasons for returns like quality issues wrong size or delivery delays. Regular analysis of return inward data supports better control over product quality packing and customer service. It also improves pricing and warranty policies which leads to stronger trust and repeat purchases in the long run.

The World Bank is formally known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It was created after World War II to support rebuilding of nations. Today it provides loans grants and technical help to developing countries. Its main goal is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable growth. For example it funds projects related to education health water supply and infrastructure. The World Bank also supports reforms that strengthen governance and transparency. It plays a major role in global development and poverty reduction.

International Women Day is celebrated on 8 March worldwide to honor women achievements and rights. The day highlights gender equality and social justice. It began in the early 20th century through labor movements in Europe and North America. Today governments NGOs and communities organize programs marches and discussions on this day. Themes change each year focusing on issues like education violence equality and empowerment. International Women Day is recognized by the United Nations and continues to remind societies about the importance of equal opportunities for women.

Bureaucracy refers to a system where officials administer laws rules and procedures. It is common in modern states where administrative tasks require skilled officers. For example tax collection law enforcement and education systems are handled by bureaucratic institutions. Bureaucracy ensures stability order and continuity in government functions. However too much bureaucracy can create delays and red tape. The term is often used both positively for efficiency and negatively for rigidity.

The United States joined World War II after Japan attacked Pearl Harbour on 7 December 1941. This surprise attack destroyed many ships and aircrafts and killed thousands of soldiers. The next day the US declared war on Japan. Soon Germany and Italy declared war on the US. This event marked a turning point in history as the entry of America changed the balance of power. The attack united American people and strengthened Allied forces. Pearl Harbour remains one of the most significant events in world military history.

COP26 or the 26th UN Climate Change Conference was held in Glasgow United Kingdom. Leaders from nearly all countries joined to discuss action against climate change. The focus was on reducing carbon emissions limiting global warming and supporting poor countries in adapting to climate change. Important agreements included pledges to phase down coal reduce methane emissions and increase finance for developing nations. COP26 was a milestone event that showed global commitment towards protecting the planet though challenges in implementation remain.

Mushtaq Ahmad Khan was a Pakistani politician and writer who passed away in 2018. His death was mourned by political and literary communities. He contributed to debates on social and political issues and influenced young minds through his writings and speeches. His legacy remains in the form of his published works and his role in guiding political thought. Remembering such personalities helps us value contributions made in shaping society.

Roshanet Zafar is known for establishing Kashf Foundation in Pakistan. It is a leading microfinance institution that empowers women by providing small loans for business and livelihood. Kashf Foundation supports financial independence education and healthcare for women. For example thousands of women in Pakistan have started small businesses with its help. Roshanet Zafar work has been recognized globally as a model of women empowerment and poverty reduction.

Pakistan shares borders with Iran Afghanistan India and China but not with Russia. The nearest Russian territory is separated by Central Asian states. This geographical fact is important for understanding Pakistan foreign policy and regional trade. Pakistan location is strategic because it connects South Asia Central Asia and the Middle East. Knowing borders helps in studying geopolitics defense and international relations of Pakistan.

Step 1 current ratio means current assets divided by current liabilities. Step 2 working capital is current assets minus current liabilities which equals 60000. Step 3 let current liabilities be x then current assets are 2x. Step 4 substituting gives 2x minus x equals 60000 so x equals 60000. Step 5 current assets are 2 times 60000 which equals 120000. Therefore the correct option is C. This example shows how ratio analysis helps in understanding financial strength and liquidity of a business.

Step 1 standard deviation measures spread of data. Step 2 variance is average of squared differences from the mean. Step 3 standard deviation is the square root of variance. For example if variance is 16 then standard deviation is 4. Step 4 standard deviation is widely used because it is in the same unit as the data which makes interpretation easy. It shows how much data varies around the mean. Step 5 in finance economics and science standard deviation is used to measure risk and uncertainty.

Step 1 increase in stock is 2500. Step 2 increase in building is 2500. Step 3 increase in creditors is minus 1000. Step 4 new liability is minus 2000. Step 5 total is 2500 plus 2500 minus 1000 minus 2000 equals 2000 profit. Thus revaluation shows Rs 2000 profit. This amount is shared among partners in their old ratio. Revaluation ensures fair settlement during admission retirement or death of a partner.

Step 1 first five prime numbers are 2 3 5 7 and 11. Step 2 add them 2 plus 3 plus 5 plus 7 plus 11 equals 28. Step 3 correct option is 28. Prime numbers are basic building blocks of arithmetic. Their properties are important in mathematics cryptography and computer science.

Step 1 compounding half yearly means two periods in a year. Step 2 rate per half year is 5 percent. Step 3 after first half year amount is 100000 times 1.05 equals 105000. Step 4 after second half year amount is 105000 times 1.05 equals 110250. Step 5 answer is Rs 110250. Compound interest increases faster than simple interest because interest earns further interest.

Direct Action Day was observed on 16 August 1946 by All India Muslim League to demand a separate homeland for Muslims. It was declared by Muhammad Ali Jinnah after failure of Cabinet Mission Plan. The day led to communal violence in Bengal but also showed the determination of Muslims to achieve Pakistan. It created strong political pressure that shaped the partition process. Direct Action Day is a turning point in the history of independence movement.

The Partition of Bengal was announced by Lord Curzon on 16 October 1905. It divided Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal. The aim was to improve administration but it was seen as an attempt to weaken Muslim and Hindu unity. Muslims welcomed the partition as it gave them a majority in East Bengal while Hindus opposed it strongly. The partition was canceled in 1911 due to protests. This event created political awakening among Muslims that later supported the demand for Pakistan.

Pakistan became a Republic on 23 March 1956 when its first constitution was enforced. The title of Governor General was replaced with President as head of state. This marked the transition from Dominion to Republic within the Commonwealth. The day is celebrated as Pakistan Day every year. It highlights the success of political efforts after independence and the establishment of constitutional government.

Taxila is known as the Pearl of Gandhara Civilization. It was an ancient city located near Islamabad. Taxila was a center of learning culture and trade for centuries. It hosted one of the earliest universities and attracted students from across Asia. Important Buddhist relics and stupas are found there. UNESCO declared Taxila a World Heritage Site. It remains an important symbol of cultural heritage of Pakistan.

Chlorofluorocarbons also called CFCs are most dangerous for the ozone layer. They were widely used in refrigerators sprays and air conditioners. When released into the atmosphere CFCs break ozone molecules that protect Earth from ultraviolet radiation. This leads to ozone depletion causing health risks like skin cancer and environmental damage. International agreements like Montreal Protocol banned CFCs and promoted safer alternatives. The fight to restore ozone is a global success story showing how nations can solve environmental challenges.

Transparent objects allow light to pass fully so things are seen clearly through them. Examples include glass clean water and air. Translucent objects allow partial light while opaque block light completely. Transparency is important in optics science and daily life. For example spectacles windows and lenses depend on transparent materials.

In Microsoft PowerPoint pressing Ctrl+M instantly adds a new slide. Shortcuts save time and make work faster. For example instead of using menus a user can quickly insert slides during a presentation design. Learning keyboard shortcuts increases productivity in all Microsoft Office programs. Students teachers and professionals benefit by using these time saving commands.

Charles Babbage is called the father of computer. He designed the Analytical Engine in the 19th century which was the first concept of a programmable machine. Although it was never fully built in his lifetime his ideas laid foundation for modern computers. Later scientists and engineers used his concepts to create working machines. Today computers are part of every field from education to space research.

The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked documents and resources on the internet. It allows users to access websites using browsers. Tim Berners Lee invented the web in 1989. The web is not the same as internet because internet is the physical network while web is a service on it. For example browsing Google Facebook or any site means using the web. It changed communication education and business worldwide.

One Gigabyte equals 1024 megabytes. It is a unit of digital storage used to measure files memory and data. For example a standard movie may take around 1 GB space. Understanding storage units helps in selecting memory devices and managing data. In computers and smartphones storage is described in gigabytes and terabytes.

In database management and Excel Count is the keyword used to calculate number of entries in a column. For example Count can show how many students are listed in a class record. It is different from Sum which adds numerical values. Count is useful for analysis statistics and reporting.

The phrase cap it all means to finish or complete something often in a surprising or extreme way. In English idioms cap refers to the top or end. For example a student might say winning the medal capped it all for his year of hard work. Such idiomatic expressions enrich language and convey meaning beyond literal words. Learning idioms helps in exams communication and writing skills.

The sentence What a cold day is an exclamatory statement. While changing to reported speech it becomes He exclaimed that it was a very cold day. The word very is added to show intensity. Reported speech rules are important in English grammar and often tested in exams. Understanding transformation of direct to indirect speech improves writing and communication.

The sentence is an imperative request. In indirect speech it changes to He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words. The reporting verb urged shows emphasis and instruction. In grammar reported speech helps in expressing ideas without quoting exact words. Practicing these conversions builds accuracy and confidence in exams.

The correct preposition is at. He aimed at the flying bird means he directed his focus or weapon towards it. Prepositions are small words but they play big role in grammar. Using wrong preposition changes meaning. Practice of such MCQs is useful for competitive exams.

Hallowed means holy sacred or greatly respected. For example hallowed ground refers to land considered holy. In English vocabulary synonyms help to improve word power. Sacred is the closest synonym here. Expanding vocabulary is key to strong writing and comprehension.