PPSC Junior Clerk (BS-11) Past Paper 2023 – Board of Revenue, Punjab – Code 43J2022

The Regional Cooperation for Development was founded in 1964 by Pakistan Iran and Turkey. It was created to promote economic cultural and social collaboration among these three nations. The organization encouraged joint projects in trade transport and education. Its creation was a strategic step to increase regional strength and reduce dependency on superpowers during the Cold War. Although the organization was later dissolved and replaced by the Economic Cooperation Organization in 1985 its establishment remains a landmark in the history of regional alliances. It is remembered as an important initiative for unity among Muslim states.

After World War Two Germany was divided into four occupation zones controlled by the United States the Soviet Union the United Kingdom and France. This system of administration lasted until 1952 in West Germany when partial sovereignty was restored under agreements signed with Western powers. East Germany remained under Soviet influence for decades. The period of occupation shaped the global order and created the divide between Western and Eastern blocs. Berlin became the most visible symbol of this conflict which later intensified with the construction of the Berlin Wall.

The official currency of Iran had been the Rial but in practice people commonly used the Toman which equaled ten Rials. In 2020 Iran formally replaced the Rial with the Toman to simplify financial transactions and to address inflation. The adoption of the Toman aimed at stabilizing the economy and making daily transactions easier for citizens. Historically the Toman was used during Safavid times which adds cultural significance to this change. The shift reflects both practical financial needs and a return to a historic monetary unit.

The largest hardware manufacturer in the world is not Dell Microsoft or Apple but Foxconn also known as Hon Hai Precision Industry. Foxconn is a Taiwanese company that assembles devices for Apple Sony and many other brands. Apple is one of the biggest companies by revenue but it is not purely a hardware manufacturer. Microsoft is primarily a software firm and Dell is smaller in scale. Therefore the correct answer is none of these. Foxconn dominates global electronic hardware production and shows how modern supply chains rely on specialized manufacturers.

Demography is the study of human populations including their size structure growth distribution and changes over time. It uses methods from sociology economics geography and statistics. Governments rely on demographic data to plan for healthcare housing education and employment. For example population projections allow states to anticipate future needs in food and infrastructure. Cartography is the science of map making and biography is the story of an individual life while geography is the study of places and environments. Demography is unique because it focuses on human population as a whole.

Biography is the account of the life of an individual including their achievements struggles and contributions. It differs from psychology which studies mental processes and biology which studies living organisms. Biographies are valuable for understanding how individuals influenced events and societies. They also serve as historical sources for researchers and students. For example biographies of leaders such as Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah or Nelson Mandela highlight their personal journeys and leadership roles in independence movements. Biography connects personal stories with wider history.

Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon in May 2000 after maintaining a military presence there for 23 years. The occupation had begun in 1978 and was extended after the 1982 Lebanon War. Strong resistance by Hezbollah combined with international pressure forced Israel to retreat. The withdrawal strengthened Hezbollah and reshaped Middle Eastern politics. It was seen as a victory for armed resistance and influenced later conflicts in the region. The event marked a significant shift in Israeli security strategy and Arab Israeli relations.

The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed in 1994 between the United States Canada and Mexico. It removed many tariffs and created one of the largest free trade zones in the world. NAFTA increased trade and investment but was also criticized for job losses and inequality in certain sectors. In 2020 it was replaced by the United States Mexico Canada Agreement which updated rules on labor environment and digital trade. NAFTA remains significant as an early model of deep regional economic integration.

The African Union was created in 2002 as a successor to the Organization of African Unity. It has fifty five member states and its headquarters is in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The AU aims to promote unity peace economic development and integration across Africa. It has launched initiatives for security mediation and socio economic planning. The AU also developed Agenda 2063 which is a long term vision for a prosperous and united Africa. Its establishment demonstrated African determination to manage its affairs independently on the global stage.

The Republic was authored by Plato around 380 BCE. It is a philosophical dialogue in which Socrates and others discuss justice morality and the ideal state. The book presents the concept of philosopher kings and the allegory of the cave which illustrates the difference between appearance and reality. The Republic has influenced political thought education and philosophy for centuries. Unlike Socrates who left no written work Plato recorded and preserved his ideas which continue to be studied in universities worldwide.

Qutb ud din Aibak a slave of Muhammad Ghori became the founder of the Slave Dynasty in India in 1206 after the death of his master. He ruled from Delhi and was known for his generosity earning the title Lakh Baksh. He initiated construction of the Qutub Minar which was later completed by his successors. His short reign laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate that shaped the history of the Indian subcontinent for centuries.

Pakistan is situated in South Asia which is part of the Asian continent. It shares borders with India China Afghanistan and Iran and has a coastline on the Arabian Sea. Its geographic location makes it strategically important as a link between Central Asia the Middle East and South Asia. Asia is the largest continent and Pakistan contributes to its cultural political and economic diversity. This location also places Pakistan at the center of regional trade and security interests.

The residence of Ishaq Dar who served as finance minister was converted by the Punjab government into a Panagah which is a shelter home. Panagahs provide food and accommodation for poor and homeless people. The initiative is part of broader welfare policies designed to support vulnerable groups in Pakistan. It also carried political meaning since Ishaq Dar faced legal challenges and his property was repurposed for social benefit. This demonstrated how unused assets can be utilized for public good.

The 1965 war between Pakistan and India began on 6 September when Indian forces crossed the border near Lahore. Pakistan observes this day as Defence Day in honor of its armed forces. The war lasted for seventeen days and ended with a ceasefire under the Tashkent Agreement mediated by the Soviet Union. Though it ended without territorial changes it reinforced national unity and became a symbol of resilience for Pakistan.

Tarbela Dam located on the Indus River in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the largest earth filled dam in the world. Completed in 1976 it was part of projects developed after the Indus Waters Treaty. The dam generates hydroelectric power provides irrigation water and controls floods. Its massive storage capacity supports agriculture in Pakistan which depends heavily on river irrigation. Despite challenges like sediment buildup Tarbela remains vital to the energy and agricultural sectors.

India brought the Kashmir dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948 following the first war between India and Pakistan. The UN called for a ceasefire and proposed a plebiscite to allow the people of Kashmir to decide their future. The plebiscite was never held and the dispute remains unresolved. This move internationalized the Kashmir issue and it has since become one of the most enduring conflicts in South Asia.

The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the boundary between British India and Afghanistan. It is now the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The line was named after Sir Mortimer Durand who negotiated it. It divided tribal Pashtun areas and remains a source of tension because Afghanistan has often refused to formally recognize it as an international border. Today it influences trade migration and security between the two countries.

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume along with Indian leaders. It was initially created as a platform to discuss reforms with the British government. Over time it transformed into the primary vehicle of Indian independence under leaders like Gandhi and Nehru. Its creation marked the beginning of organized political struggle in colonial India.

Pakistan withdrew from CENTO in 1979 after the Iranian Revolution and changing international conditions weakened the alliance. CENTO also known as the Baghdad Pact was created in 1955 to contain Soviet expansion. However it did not provide effective military support to Pakistan during wars with India. Pakistan’s withdrawal signaled its shift toward new alliances with China and Muslim countries.

The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 with the World Bank as mediator. The treaty allocated the three eastern rivers Ravi Beas and Sutlej to India and the three western rivers Indus Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan. It enabled Pakistan to build major dams including Mangla and Tarbela. Despite wars and hostilities the treaty has survived making it one of the most durable international water sharing agreements.

Karachi was chosen as the first capital of Pakistan in 1947. It was a natural choice because it already had a major port and infrastructure to run a new state. It connected Pakistan with the outside world through sea trade routes and air links. Karachi remained the capital until 1959 when Islamabad was selected due to its central location and better security. Even after losing capital status Karachi continued to grow as the largest city and became the economic and industrial heart of the country.

Tarbela Dam is located in Swabi district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was completed in 1976 on the Indus River and is the largest earth filled dam in the world. The dam provides irrigation water and hydroelectric power to Pakistan. It also helps in flood control. Over time sedimentation has reduced the storage capacity of the dam. Despite this limitation Tarbela remains one of the most important projects in Pakistan for supporting agriculture and energy production.

The Simla Deputation of 1906 was a historic meeting between Muslim leaders and Viceroy Lord Minto. In this meeting Muslims demanded separate electorates for their political representation. This demand was later accepted in the Morley Minto reforms of 1909. The deputation strengthened the identity of Muslims in Indian politics. It also led to the creation of the All India Muslim League in the same year. This event gave Muslims a stronger voice in future political negotiations.

In 1911 the British government shifted the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi. The announcement was made by King George V at the Delhi Durbar. Delhi was selected because of its central location and its historic role as the seat of earlier empires. The change reduced the importance of Bengal where nationalist movements were strong. Delhi remained the capital during the rest of British rule and it is still the capital of modern India today.

The tomb of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan is located inside the Taj Mahal at Agra. Shah Jahan built this monument in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal and later he was also buried there. The Taj Mahal is built of white marble and is one of the greatest wonders of the world. It represents the beauty of Mughal art and design. Millions of people visit Agra every year to see this structure which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Liaqat Nehru Pact also known as the Delhi Pact was signed in 1950 between Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan of Pakistan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India. The agreement gave protection to religious minorities in both countries. It promised equal citizenship property rights and freedom of religion. The pact reduced communal violence and built trust between the two states in the early years after Partition. It remains one of the most important bilateral agreements in South Asia.

The National Command and Operation Center was formed in March 2020 to coordinate Pakistan response against the COVID 19 pandemic. It became the central body for decision making data collection and public awareness campaigns. The NCOC managed lockdown policies vaccination programs and hospital resources. It worked closely with provincial governments to implement a united strategy. The center played an important role in reducing the spread of the virus and protecting the population through effective planning.

K2 the second highest mountain in the world is also called Godwin Austen. The name came from the British surveyor who mapped it in the nineteenth century. K2 is located in Gilgit Baltistan in Pakistan and has a height of 8611 meters. The mountain is known as the Savage Mountain because of the extreme difficulty of climbing it. Very few climbers succeed compared to those who climb Mount Everest. K2 is considered a source of national pride for Pakistan.

After the First Anglo Sikh War the Treaty of Amritsar was signed in 1846. Under this treaty the British sold Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh of the Dogra dynasty for seventy five lakh rupees. This deal made Gulab Singh the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir. His family continued to rule the state until 1947. The sale of Kashmir became controversial and is one of the key reasons behind the long standing Kashmir dispute in South Asia.

Pakistan conducted nuclear tests on 28 May 1998 at Chagai in Balochistan. The tests were carried out in response to Indian nuclear explosions earlier in the same month. With these tests Pakistan became the first Muslim country and the seventh nation in the world to have nuclear weapons. The day is celebrated as Youm e Takbeer. These tests gave Pakistan a strong deterrent capability and established strategic balance in South Asia.

Kachura Lake is found near Skardu in Gilgit Baltistan. It has two main parts Upper Kachura and Lower Kachura which is also called Shangrila Lake. The lake lies at an altitude of around 2500 meters. It is surrounded by mountains forests and natural beauty. Tourists visit the lake for boating fishing and trekking. Kachura Lake is also known for its clear water and peaceful environment. It is one of the major attractions of the Skardu valley.

The Hingol River flows through Baluchistan and is the longest river in the province. It passes through Hingol National Park which is famous for its wildlife and unique rock formations. The river flows into the Arabian Sea after covering a long distance. It provides water for agriculture and communities living in the dry region. The area around the Hingol River is also a popular tourist site because of its natural beauty.

A glacier is a slow moving sheet of ice formed by layers of snow that have compacted over many years. Glaciers move under the force of gravity and carve out valleys and landscapes. They act as reservoirs of fresh water feeding rivers like the Indus. Glaciers are very important for agriculture drinking water and hydroelectric power in countries like Pakistan. Climate change has caused many glaciers to shrink which threatens future water supplies.

Iran is located to the west of Pakistan. The two countries share a border of about nine hundred kilometers. This border connects Pakistan with the Middle East and has importance for trade and security. Both countries share cultural religious and historical ties. The Iran Pakistan border also plays a role in regional energy projects and cross border cooperation.

A healthy adult at rest usually breathes between fourteen and eighteen times per minute. This rate allows the lungs to supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. The rate can change with age activity or health conditions. Infants breathe faster while athletes may breathe slower because of strong lungs. If breathing rate is much higher or lower than normal it may show a medical problem.

Solar panels are built using photovoltaic cells. These cells are usually made from silicon and they convert sunlight directly into electricity. Photovoltaic cells work by absorbing photons which release electrons and create electric current. They are used in houses industries satellites and even small devices like calculators. Solar energy is clean renewable and an important part of future energy planning.

A pie chart is a circular diagram used to show data as parts of a whole. Each slice of the circle represents a proportion of the total. Pie charts are easy to understand and are widely used in reports business presentations and research. They are effective for comparing percentages or ratios. Unlike line charts or bar charts which show trends and comparisons a pie chart shows clear division of data into categories.

The phases of the moon occur because sunlight falls on different parts of the moon as it orbits the Earth. We can only see the part that reflects light towards us. This creates phases such as crescent half full and new moon. The cycle takes about twenty nine days. This is different from lunar eclipses which are caused by the Earth shadow. The phases of the moon have been used for calendars traditions and religious events for thousands of years.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe microorganisms through a microscope in the seventeenth century. He called them animalcules because they looked like tiny animals moving around. His work marked the beginning of microbiology. Later scientists like Pasteur and Koch proved that microbes cause diseases. Leeuwenhoek discovery showed that an unseen world of living organisms exists and it changed the way humans understood life and health.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows users to enter organize and analyze data in rows and columns. Each cell in Excel can contain numbers text or formulas. It is widely used for financial analysis budgeting academic research and data visualization. Excel provides tools such as charts pivot tables and functions that make it a very powerful program. Unlike word processors or databases Excel is designed for quick and flexible handling of structured data.

The intersection of a row and a column in Excel is called a cell. Each cell has a unique address such as A1 or B2 based on its column letter and row number. Cells are the basic units where data is entered. Users can type text numbers formulas or functions into cells. Excel uses cells to store and calculate data which makes them essential for any operation in a spreadsheet.

Superscript is the formatting style where characters appear smaller and are placed slightly above the normal text line. Superscripts are often used in mathematical equations such as x² or in footnote references. In contrast subscript places characters below the baseline for chemical formulas such as H₂O. These options in MS Word help users create academic scientific and technical documents with professional presentation.

Pressing F7 in Microsoft Word starts the spelling and grammar check. This tool scans the document for possible errors and provides suggestions. It helps users correct mistakes quickly and maintain a professional standard in their writing. Automatic spell check with underlines works as well but the F7 key provides a full review of the text. This feature is essential for preparing documents in offices schools and publications.

Format Painter is a feature in MS Word that allows users to apply the same formatting from one section of text to another. By selecting the text and clicking Format Painter the formatting is copied and can be applied to other text. This saves time compared to manually applying fonts styles or colors again. Format Painter is one of the most useful tools for maintaining consistent style in large documents.

AutoSave is a feature in MS Office that automatically saves a document at regular intervals. This prevents loss of data in case of power failure or unexpected program shutdown. It is especially helpful when working on long reports or important spreadsheets. AutoSave ensures that users do not have to remember to save their files again and again. This feature increases productivity and protects against accidental data loss.

The Delete key removes the character to the right of the cursor in MS Word and many other programs. This is different from the Backspace key which removes the character to the left of the cursor. Both keys are useful for editing text quickly. The Delete key can also remove selected objects or files in operating systems. It is a standard key for editing and correction in computing.

When users select a paragraph in MS Word they can apply multiple formatting options including line spacing and borders. Line spacing controls the vertical distance between lines of text while borders can highlight or separate sections. Indents are also applied at the paragraph level. These formatting tools improve readability and presentation of documents. Paragraph formatting is essential in preparing reports letters and academic papers.

A plotter is an output device that prints large scale images such as engineering drawings or maps. Unlike input devices like mouse keyboard and scanner which send data into the computer a plotter produces hard copy results. Plotters use pens or special technology to draw precise images on paper. They are used in design architecture and engineering fields where detailed and accurate printing is required.

In MS Word the Shapes option is available in the Insert tab. This tool allows users to add diagrams arrows flowcharts and various shapes into documents. Shapes improve the visual presentation of text and are useful for reports business documents and educational material. The Insert tab contains many tools such as pictures tables charts and links that increase the functionality of Word documents.

In MS Word single spacing corresponds to twelve points. This standard spacing is widely used for most documents because it balances readability with space saving. Line spacing can be adjusted to double or custom values for essays research papers or official formats. Understanding line spacing is important for creating documents that meet academic or professional requirements.

Pressing Ctrl + = in MS Word applies the subscript format to selected text. Subscript makes characters appear smaller and below the normal line of text. It is commonly used in chemical formulas such as H₂O. This feature helps prepare scientific and technical documents. It is opposite to superscript which raises text above the baseline.

Ctrl + Z is the shortcut key for undo in MS Word and many other programs. It cancels the last action whether it was typing deleting or formatting. Undo is one of the most important features for error correction and saves time during editing. Users can also redo actions with Ctrl + Y. These shortcuts are essential for efficient use of computers.

Ctrl + Shift + . These shortcuts are valuable for formatting documents and creating headings or subheadings in proper proportion.

In Excel every formula begins with an equal sign. For example =A1+A2 tells Excel to add the values of cell A1 and cell A2. Without the equal sign Excel would treat the entry as plain text. Functions like SUM(A1\

A workbook in Excel contains worksheets. Each worksheet is a grid of rows and columns where data is entered. A workbook may have one or multiple worksheets depending on the project. Worksheets are used for calculations data storage and chart creation. The workbook is the main file that organizes all related sheets together.

The SUM function in Excel adds numbers from a range of cells. For example SUM(A1\

Pressing Ctrl + Enter in MS Word inserts a page break. This moves the text after the cursor to the beginning of the next page. Page breaks are used to start new chapters or sections in a document. This shortcut gives users better control over formatting compared to pressing Enter repeatedly.

ARPANET was the first network that led to the creation of the Internet. It was developed by the United States Department of Defense in the late 1960s. ARPANET connected universities and research centers allowing them to share information. It introduced technologies such as packet switching that are still used today. ARPANET eventually evolved into the global Internet we use now.

The formula for depreciation is Present Value = Purchase Price × (1 − rate)ⁿ. Here the rate is 12.5 percent which is one eighth. The present value is 9680 and n is 2 years. Purchase Price = 9680 ÷ (7/8)² = 9680 ÷ 49/64 = 9680 × 64 ÷ 49 = 12640 approximately equal to 12500. This shows the article was bought for about 12500 rupees.

One kilometer is equal to 1000 meters and each meter has 100 centimeters. Therefore one kilometer is 1000 × 100 which equals 100000 centimeters. This simple conversion is part of the metric system which is based on multiples of ten. It makes measurement easier and is used worldwide in science engineering and daily life.

To calculate the square of 892 we multiply 892 by itself. 892 × 892 = 795664. This is a straightforward calculation using basic multiplication. Squaring numbers is used in mathematics physics and engineering. The correct answer is 795664.

Work is proportional to men × hours × days. Total work = 30 × 9 × 16 = 4320 man hours. With 36 men working 8 hours daily per day work = 288 man hours. Required days = 4320 ÷ 288 = 15 days. Therefore 36 men working 8 hours per day will finish in 15 days.

The sum of angles in a triangle is 180. So (x − 35) + (x − 25) + (½x − 10) = 180. Simplify to 2.5x − 70 = 180. Therefore 2.5x = 250 and x = 100. The correct answer is 100.

Formula is Amount = Principal × (1 + r/100)ⁿ. Here amount = 270.40 rate = 4 percent n = 2. So Principal = 270.40 ÷ (1.04)² = 270.40 ÷ 1.0816 = 250. The correct answer is 250 rupees.

Average speed = Total distance ÷ Total time. Distance = 200 km. Time = 100 ÷ 60 + 100 ÷ 40 = 5/3 + 5/2 = 25/6 hours. Average speed = 200 ÷ (25/6) = 200 × 6 ÷ 25 = 48 km/h. Correct answer is 48 km/h.

For any natural number n the expression 9²n − 4²n can be written as (81ⁿ − 16ⁿ). By using modular arithmetic we can show that this is divisible by both 5 and 13. It is a property of numbers where differences of certain powers give factors. This result is consistent for all natural numbers n.

Increase in average = 1.5 kg. Total increase = 1.5 × 10 = 15 kg. New person weight = 45 + 15 = 60 kg. Therefore the weight of the new person is 60 kg.

Average speed is total distance divided by total time. The distance is 200 km. The time for first part is 100 ÷ 60 hours which is 5/3. The time for second part is 100 ÷ 40 hours which is 5/2. Total time is 25/6 hours. Average speed = 200 ÷ (25/6) = 48 km/h. This formula is important for solving problems with different speeds in both directions.

The expression 9²n − 4²n can be written as (81ⁿ − 16ⁿ). This is always divisible by both 5 and 13 due to properties of modular arithmetic. When powers are raised to natural numbers the differences maintain divisibility by these constants. This shows how number theory can be applied to exam questions. It is an example of modular congruence used in advanced mathematics.

Increase in average weight is 1.5 kg. Since there are 10 people total increase is 15 kg. New man weight = 45 + 15 = 60 kg. Therefore the weight of the new man is 60 kg. This is a direct application of averages in mathematics.

The word Gigantic means extremely large or huge. Its synonym is Huge which also conveys great size. Words like Crammed or Poky mean small and crowded while Tiny means very small. Understanding synonyms improves vocabulary and comprehension. Synonyms are often tested in competitive exams to measure knowledge of the English language.

The idiom Break out means to occur suddenly. It is often used for events like fire disease or war. For example A fire broke out in the building. It does not mean break down which refers to mechanical failure. In exams idioms are asked to check deeper understanding of language.

The idiom Kick the bucket is an informal phrase meaning to die. It is not related to success or killing. Idioms like this add color to language and are widely used in literature and conversation. Understanding idioms helps learners grasp native style of English.

The idiom Prick up your ears means to listen carefully usually because something important is being said. It comes from the way animals raise their ears when alert. This phrase is commonly used in spoken English to ask someone to pay attention.

The sentence in passive voice becomes The enemy has been defeated by our army. This keeps the tense in present perfect form. Option A is grammatically incorrect and option B changes the tense. Passive voice changes focus from subject to object. It is important in English grammar for writing and exams.

The subject My brother and friend is treated as singular because it refers to one person in relation to the speaker. Therefore the correct verb is Helps. This example tests subject verb agreement in English grammar which is a common exam topic.

The phrasal verb Put out means to extinguish something such as a fire or a cigarette. It can also mean to cause inconvenience depending on context. In this question the correct meaning is extinguish. Understanding phrasal verbs is crucial for competitive exams.

Diligent means hardworking careful and attentive. The opposite of diligent is Lazy which means unwilling to work or lacking effort. Other options are synonyms or unrelated. Antonyms help in building vocabulary and understanding shades of meaning in English.

The correct preposition in this sentence is of. The phrase Sick of means tired or bored with something. Prepositions are small words but they carry big meaning. They are tested frequently in grammar based exams.

Dastard means a cowardly person. Its opposite is Hero which means a brave or courageous individual. Words like Craven mean cowardly so they are synonyms not antonyms. This type of vocabulary question checks knowledge of opposite meanings in English.

In this sentence Best describes the noun Friend so it is an adjective. Adjectives modify nouns by giving qualities or details. This is an important part of speech question that tests grammatical understanding.

In this sentence the word Well modifies the verb Doing which makes it an adverb. Adverbs describe how an action is performed. This question checks understanding of parts of speech.

The sentence changes to He thanked him for his kind help. This is a transformation of direct speech into indirect speech. It keeps the meaning the same while changing the structure. This is an important grammar skill for exams.

The correct passive form is You are requested to give me your pen and take your seat. It changes the active request into a polite passive structure. Options C and D change the meaning. Option A is grammatically incorrect.